Hydrogen Sulfide as a Potential Therapy for Heart Failure—Past, Present, and Future

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is an endogenous, gaseous signaling molecule that plays a critical role in cardiac and vascular biology. H(2)S regulates vascular tone and oxidant defenses and exerts cytoprotective effects in the heart and circulation. Recent studies indicate that H(2)S modulates various components of metabolic syndrome, including obesity and glucose metabolism. This review will discuss studies exhibiting H(2)S -derived cardioprotective signaling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We will also discuss the role of H(2)S in metabolic syndrome and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).