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Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive anti...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030373 |
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author | Kyriakidis, Ioannis Vasileiou, Eleni Pana, Zoi Dorothea Tragiannidis, Athanasios |
author_facet | Kyriakidis, Ioannis Vasileiou, Eleni Pana, Zoi Dorothea Tragiannidis, Athanasios |
author_sort | Kyriakidis, Ioannis |
collection | PubMed |
description | Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8003822 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80038222021-03-28 Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms Kyriakidis, Ioannis Vasileiou, Eleni Pana, Zoi Dorothea Tragiannidis, Athanasios Pathogens Review Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated. MDPI 2021-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8003822/ /pubmed/33808905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030373 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ). |
spellingShingle | Review Kyriakidis, Ioannis Vasileiou, Eleni Pana, Zoi Dorothea Tragiannidis, Athanasios Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title | Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title_full | Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title_fullStr | Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title_full_unstemmed | Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title_short | Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms |
title_sort | acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic resistance mechanisms |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003822/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808905 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030373 |
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