Development of highly efficient platinum catalysts for hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination of unactivated alkenes

Hydrofunctionalization, the direct addition of an X–H (e.g., X=O, N) bond across an alkene, is a desirable strategy to make heterocycles that are important structural components of naturally occurring molecules. Described here is the design and discovery of “donor–acceptor”-type platinum catalysts that are highly effective in both hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination of unactivated alkenes over a broad range of substrates under mild conditions. A number of alkene substitution patterns are accommodated, including tri-substituted, 1,1-disubstituted, (E)-disubstituted, (Z)-disubstituted and even mono-substituted double bonds. Detailed mechanistic investigations suggest a plausible pathway that includes an unexpected dissociation/re-association of the electron-deficient ligand to form an alkene-bound “donor–acceptor”-type intermediate. These mechanistic studies help understand the origins of the high reactivity exhibited by the catalytic system, and provide a foundation for the rational design of chiral catalysts towards asymmetric hydrofunctionalization reactions.