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Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils
The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8007860/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33796083 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.590303 |
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author | Bardsley, Cameron A. Weller, Daniel L. Ingram, David T. Chen, Yuhuan Oryang, David Rideout, Steven L. Strawn, Laura K. |
author_facet | Bardsley, Cameron A. Weller, Daniel L. Ingram, David T. Chen, Yuhuan Oryang, David Rideout, Steven L. Strawn, Laura K. |
author_sort | Bardsley, Cameron A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed. The objectives here were to (i) compare die-off between 12 Salmonella strains following inoculation in amended soil and (ii) characterize any significant effects associated with soil-type, irrigation regimen, and amendment on Salmonella survival and die-off. Three greenhouse trials were performed using a randomized complete block design. Each strain (~4 log CFU/g) was homogenized with amended or non-amended sandy-loam or clay-loam soil. Salmonella levels were enumerated in 25 g samples 0, 0.167 (4 h), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, 210, 252, and 336 days post-inoculation (dpi), or until two consecutive samples were enrichment negative. Regression analysis was performed between strain, soil-type, irrigation, and (i) time to last detect (survival) and (ii) concentration at each time-point (die-off rate). Similar effects of strain, irrigation, soil-type, and amendment were identified using the survival and die-off models. Strain explained up to 18% of the variance in survival, and up to 19% of variance in die-off rate. On average Salmonella survived for 129 days in amended soils, however, Salmonella survived, on average, 30 days longer in clay-loam soils than sandy-loam soils [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 45, 15], with survival time ranging from 84 to 210 days for the individual strains during daily irrigation. When strain-specific associations were investigated using regression trees, S. Javiana and S. Saintpaul were found to survive longer in sandy-loam soil, whereas most of the other strains survived longer in clay-loam soil. Salmonella also survived, on average, 128 days longer when irrigated weekly, compared to daily (CI = 101, 154), and 89 days longer in amended soils, than non-amended soils (CI = 61, 116). Overall, this study provides insight into Salmonella survival following contamination of field soils by BSAAO. Specifically, Salmonella survival may be strain-specific as affected by both soil characteristics and management practices. These data can assist in risk assessment and strain selection for use in challenge and validation studies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8007860 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80078602021-03-31 Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils Bardsley, Cameron A. Weller, Daniel L. Ingram, David T. Chen, Yuhuan Oryang, David Rideout, Steven L. Strawn, Laura K. Front Microbiol Microbiology The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed. The objectives here were to (i) compare die-off between 12 Salmonella strains following inoculation in amended soil and (ii) characterize any significant effects associated with soil-type, irrigation regimen, and amendment on Salmonella survival and die-off. Three greenhouse trials were performed using a randomized complete block design. Each strain (~4 log CFU/g) was homogenized with amended or non-amended sandy-loam or clay-loam soil. Salmonella levels were enumerated in 25 g samples 0, 0.167 (4 h), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, 210, 252, and 336 days post-inoculation (dpi), or until two consecutive samples were enrichment negative. Regression analysis was performed between strain, soil-type, irrigation, and (i) time to last detect (survival) and (ii) concentration at each time-point (die-off rate). Similar effects of strain, irrigation, soil-type, and amendment were identified using the survival and die-off models. Strain explained up to 18% of the variance in survival, and up to 19% of variance in die-off rate. On average Salmonella survived for 129 days in amended soils, however, Salmonella survived, on average, 30 days longer in clay-loam soils than sandy-loam soils [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 45, 15], with survival time ranging from 84 to 210 days for the individual strains during daily irrigation. When strain-specific associations were investigated using regression trees, S. Javiana and S. Saintpaul were found to survive longer in sandy-loam soil, whereas most of the other strains survived longer in clay-loam soil. Salmonella also survived, on average, 128 days longer when irrigated weekly, compared to daily (CI = 101, 154), and 89 days longer in amended soils, than non-amended soils (CI = 61, 116). Overall, this study provides insight into Salmonella survival following contamination of field soils by BSAAO. Specifically, Salmonella survival may be strain-specific as affected by both soil characteristics and management practices. These data can assist in risk assessment and strain selection for use in challenge and validation studies. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-03-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8007860/ /pubmed/33796083 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.590303 Text en Copyright © 2021 Bardsley, Weller, Ingram, Chen, Oryang, Rideout and Strawn. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Bardsley, Cameron A. Weller, Daniel L. Ingram, David T. Chen, Yuhuan Oryang, David Rideout, Steven L. Strawn, Laura K. Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title | Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title_full | Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title_fullStr | Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title_full_unstemmed | Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title_short | Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils |
title_sort | strain, soil-type, irrigation regimen, and poultry litter influence salmonella survival and die-off in agricultural soils |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8007860/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33796083 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.590303 |
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