Quantifying MRI T(1) relaxation in flowing blood: implications for arterial input function measurement in DCE-MRI

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of accurately quantifying the concentration of MRI contrast agent in flowing blood by measuring its T1 in a large vessel. Such measures are often used to obtain patient-specific arterial input functions for the accurate fitting of pharmacokinetic models to dynamic contrast enhanced MRI data. Flow is known to produce errors with this technique, but these have so far been poorly quantified and characterised in the context of pulsatile flow with a rapidly changing T1 as would be expected in vivo. METHODS: A phantom was developed which used a mechanical pump to pass fluid at physiologically relevant rates. Measurements of T(1) were made using high temporal resolution gradient recalled sequences suitable for DCE-MRI of both constant and pulsatile flow. These measures were used to validate a virtual phantom that was then used to simulate the expected errors in the measurement of an AIF in vivo. RESULTS: The relationship between measured T1 values and flow velocity was found to be non-linear. The subsequent error in quantification of contrast agent concentration in a measured AIF was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The T1 measurement of flowing blood using standard DCE- MRI sequences are subject to large measurement errors which are non-linear in relation to flow velocity. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This work qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrates the difficulties of accurately measuring the T1 of flowing blood using DCE-MRI over a wide range of physiologically realistic flow velocities and pulsatilities. Sources of error are identified and proposals made to reduce these.