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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor...

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Autores principales: Liu, Ning, Xu, Hu, Sun, Qianqian, Yu, Xiaojuan, Chen, Wentong, Wei, Hongquan, Jiang, Jie, Xu, Youzhi, Lu, Wenjie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019370/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33854690
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380
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author Liu, Ning
Xu, Hu
Sun, Qianqian
Yu, Xiaojuan
Chen, Wentong
Wei, Hongquan
Jiang, Jie
Xu, Youzhi
Lu, Wenjie
author_facet Liu, Ning
Xu, Hu
Sun, Qianqian
Yu, Xiaojuan
Chen, Wentong
Wei, Hongquan
Jiang, Jie
Xu, Youzhi
Lu, Wenjie
author_sort Liu, Ning
collection PubMed
description Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors.
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spelling pubmed-80193702021-04-13 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors Liu, Ning Xu, Hu Sun, Qianqian Yu, Xiaojuan Chen, Wentong Wei, Hongquan Jiang, Jie Xu, Youzhi Lu, Wenjie Oxid Med Cell Longev Review Article Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors. Hindawi 2021-03-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8019370/ /pubmed/33854690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ning Liu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Liu, Ning
Xu, Hu
Sun, Qianqian
Yu, Xiaojuan
Chen, Wentong
Wei, Hongquan
Jiang, Jie
Xu, Youzhi
Lu, Wenjie
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title_full The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title_fullStr The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title_short The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
title_sort role of oxidative stress in hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidoreductase (xor) inhibitors
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019370/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33854690
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380
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