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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019370/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33854690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380 |
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author | Liu, Ning Xu, Hu Sun, Qianqian Yu, Xiaojuan Chen, Wentong Wei, Hongquan Jiang, Jie Xu, Youzhi Lu, Wenjie |
author_facet | Liu, Ning Xu, Hu Sun, Qianqian Yu, Xiaojuan Chen, Wentong Wei, Hongquan Jiang, Jie Xu, Youzhi Lu, Wenjie |
author_sort | Liu, Ning |
collection | PubMed |
description | Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8019370 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Hindawi |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80193702021-04-13 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors Liu, Ning Xu, Hu Sun, Qianqian Yu, Xiaojuan Chen, Wentong Wei, Hongquan Jiang, Jie Xu, Youzhi Lu, Wenjie Oxid Med Cell Longev Review Article Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors. Hindawi 2021-03-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8019370/ /pubmed/33854690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ning Liu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Liu, Ning Xu, Hu Sun, Qianqian Yu, Xiaojuan Chen, Wentong Wei, Hongquan Jiang, Jie Xu, Youzhi Lu, Wenjie The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title | The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title_full | The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title_fullStr | The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title_short | The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors |
title_sort | role of oxidative stress in hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidoreductase (xor) inhibitors |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019370/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33854690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1470380 |
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