Gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case–control study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to compare the levels of Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) interleukin 8 (IL‐8), matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP‐8) and advanced glycated‐end products (AGEs) in a cohort of type 1 diabetic (T1D) subjects and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GCF samples and periodontal examination were assessed in 50 subjects with T1D (30 males and 20 females; mean age: 35.2 years) recruited from the Diabetology Unit of the Geneva University Hospitals and in 50 control subjects matched for gender, age and smoking status. Samples were assessed for IL‐8 and MMP‐8 using a bead array multianalyte detection system and for AGEs the ELISA. The two groups were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: The mean HbA1c differed significantly between the groups (8.3% for the T1D group vs. 5.2% for the control group, p < 0.001). T1D subjects had significantly more plaque and gingival inflammation and presented more sites with bleeding on probing compared to the controls. The GCF levels of IL‐8, MMP‐8 and AGEs did not differ significantly between the groups. Further analysis of the GCF markers in younger (<40 years) and older (≥40 years) cohorts, revealed no significant differences between younger diabetics and controls or between older diabetics and controls. When the groups were divided according to their glycemic status (HbA1c 6.1–8, and > 8%), again no significant differences could be identified for any of the biochemical markers. CONCLUSIONS: T1D subjects, particularly the younger ones, exhibited more inflammation compared to the matched healthy controls. Results on the GCF expression of IL‐8, MMP‐8 and AGEs did not differ between the groups. The diabetic population of our cohort was for the most part fairly‐controlled, with little if any complications and with presence of only mild type of periodontal disease, as 68% had gingivitis.