Ruthenium-loaded mesoporous silica as tumor microenvironment-response nano-fenton reactors for precise cancer therapy

BACKGROUND: Nano-Fenton reactors as novel strategy to selectively convert hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) into active hydroxyl radicals in tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy had attracted much attention. However, side effects and low efficiency remain the main drawbacks for cancer precise therapy. RESULTS: Here, ruthenium-loaded palmitoyl ascorbate (PA)-modified mesoporous silica (Ru@SiO(2)-PA) was successfully fabricated and characterized. The results indicated that Ru@SiO(2)-PA under pH6.0 environment displayed enhanced growth inhibition against human cancer cells than that of pH7.4, which indicated the super selectivity between cancer cells and normal cells. Ru@SiO(2)-PA also induced enhanced cancer cells apoptosis, followed by caspase-3 activation and cytochrome-c release. Mechanism investigation revealed that Ru@SiO(2)-PA caused enhanced generation of superoxide anion, which subsequently triggered DNA damage and dysfunction of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways. Moreover, Ru@SiO(2)-PA effectively inhibited tumor spheroids and tumor xenografts growth in vivo by induction of apoptosis. The real-time imaging by monitoring Ru fluorescence in vitro and in vivo revealed that Ru@SiO(2)-PA mainly accumulated in cell nucleus and tumor xenografts. Importantly, Ru@SiO(2)-PA showed no side effects in vivo, predicting the safety and potential application in clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings validated the rational design that Ru@SiO(2)-PA can act as novel tumor microenvironment-response nano-Fenton reactors for cancer precise therapy. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]