Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Mixed with Calcium Peroxide and Methylcellulose for Dental Bleaching under Visible Light Activation

The available tooth whitening products in the market contain high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as an active ingredient. Therefore, in order to curb the high H(2)O(2) concentration and instability of liquid H(2)O(2), this study evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of the bleaching gel composed of 10% calcium peroxide (CaO(2)) and visible-light-activating nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO(2)) with methyl cellulose as a thickener. Extracted bovine teeth were discolored using coffee and black tea stain solution and were divided into two groups (n = 6). Bleaching was performed thrice on each tooth specimen in both the groups, with one minute of visible light irradiation during each bleaching time. The CIELAB L*a*b* values were measured pre- and post-bleaching. The N-TiO(2) calcinated at 350 °C demonstrated a shift towards the visible light region by narrowing the band gap energy from 3.23 eV to 2.85 eV. The brightness (ΔL) and color difference (ΔE) increased as bleaching progressed each time in both the groups. ANOVA results showed that the number of bleaching significantly affected ΔE (p < 0.05). The formulated bleaching gel exhibits good biocompatibility and non-toxicity upon exposure to 3T3 cells. Our findings showed that CaO(2)-based bleaching gel at neutral pH could be a stable, safe, and effective substitute for tooth whitening products currently available in the market.