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Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering
Application of low-cost carbon black from lignin highly depends on the materials properties, which might by determined by raw material and processing conditions. Four different technical lignins were subjected to thermostabilization followed by stepwise heat treatment up to a temperature of 2000 °C...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33917323 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072087 |
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author | Rennhofer, Harald Köhnke, Janea Keckes, Jozef Tintner, Johannes Unterweger, Christoph Zinn, Thomas Deix, Karl Lichtenegger, Helga Gindl-Altmutter, Wolfgang |
author_facet | Rennhofer, Harald Köhnke, Janea Keckes, Jozef Tintner, Johannes Unterweger, Christoph Zinn, Thomas Deix, Karl Lichtenegger, Helga Gindl-Altmutter, Wolfgang |
author_sort | Rennhofer, Harald |
collection | PubMed |
description | Application of low-cost carbon black from lignin highly depends on the materials properties, which might by determined by raw material and processing conditions. Four different technical lignins were subjected to thermostabilization followed by stepwise heat treatment up to a temperature of 2000 °C in order to obtain micro-sized carbon particles. The development of the pore structure, graphitization and inner surfaces were investigated by X-ray scattering complemented by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Lignosulfonate-based carbons exhibit a complex pore structure with nanopores and mesopores that evolve by heat treatment. Organosolv, kraft and soda lignin-based samples exhibit distinct pores growing steadily with heat treatment temperature. All carbons exhibit increasing pore size of about 0.5–2 nm and increasing inner surface, with a strong increase between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The chemistry and bonding nature shifts from basic organic material towards pure graphite. The crystallite size was found to increase with the increasing degree of graphitization. Heat treatment of just 1600 °C might be sufficient for many applications, allowing to reduce production energy while maintaining materials properties. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8038752 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80387522021-04-12 Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering Rennhofer, Harald Köhnke, Janea Keckes, Jozef Tintner, Johannes Unterweger, Christoph Zinn, Thomas Deix, Karl Lichtenegger, Helga Gindl-Altmutter, Wolfgang Molecules Article Application of low-cost carbon black from lignin highly depends on the materials properties, which might by determined by raw material and processing conditions. Four different technical lignins were subjected to thermostabilization followed by stepwise heat treatment up to a temperature of 2000 °C in order to obtain micro-sized carbon particles. The development of the pore structure, graphitization and inner surfaces were investigated by X-ray scattering complemented by scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Lignosulfonate-based carbons exhibit a complex pore structure with nanopores and mesopores that evolve by heat treatment. Organosolv, kraft and soda lignin-based samples exhibit distinct pores growing steadily with heat treatment temperature. All carbons exhibit increasing pore size of about 0.5–2 nm and increasing inner surface, with a strong increase between 1200 °C and 1600 °C. The chemistry and bonding nature shifts from basic organic material towards pure graphite. The crystallite size was found to increase with the increasing degree of graphitization. Heat treatment of just 1600 °C might be sufficient for many applications, allowing to reduce production energy while maintaining materials properties. MDPI 2021-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8038752/ /pubmed/33917323 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072087 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Rennhofer, Harald Köhnke, Janea Keckes, Jozef Tintner, Johannes Unterweger, Christoph Zinn, Thomas Deix, Karl Lichtenegger, Helga Gindl-Altmutter, Wolfgang Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title | Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title_full | Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title_fullStr | Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title_full_unstemmed | Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title_short | Pore Development during the Carbonization Process of Lignin Microparticles Investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering |
title_sort | pore development during the carbonization process of lignin microparticles investigated by small angle x-ray scattering |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33917323 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072087 |
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