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Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites
The purpose of this study was to manufacture hybrid composites from fabrics with superior ballistic performance, and to analyze their viscoelastic and mechanical response. Therefore, composites in hybrid lay-up modes were manufactured from Vectran, Kevlar and aluminum fiber-woven fabrics through a v...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038860/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33917628 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071178 |
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author | Koutsomichalis, Aggelos Kalampoukas, Thomas Mouzakis, Dionysios E. |
author_facet | Koutsomichalis, Aggelos Kalampoukas, Thomas Mouzakis, Dionysios E. |
author_sort | Koutsomichalis, Aggelos |
collection | PubMed |
description | The purpose of this study was to manufacture hybrid composites from fabrics with superior ballistic performance, and to analyze their viscoelastic and mechanical response. Therefore, composites in hybrid lay-up modes were manufactured from Vectran, Kevlar and aluminum fiber-woven fabrics through a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The specimens were consequently analyzed using static three-point bending, as well as by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Apart from DMA, time–temperature superposition (TTS) analysis was performed by all available models. It was possible to study the intrinsic viscoelastic behavior of hybrid ballistic laminates, with TTS analysis gained from creep testing. A polynomic mathematical function was proposed to provide a high accuracy for TTS curves, when shifting out of the linearity regimes is required. The usual Williams–Landel–Ferry and Arrhenius models proved not useful in order to describe and model the shift factors of the acquired curves. In terms of static results, the highly nonlinear stress–strain curve of both composites was obvious, whereas the differential mechanism of failure in relation to stress absorption, at each stage of deformation, was studied. SEM fractography revealed that hybrid specimens with Kevlar plies are prone to tensile side failure, whereas the hybrid specimens with Vectran plies exhibited high performance on the tensile side of the specimens in three-point bending, leading to compressive failure owing to the high stress retained at higher strains after the maximum bending strength was reached. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8038860 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80388602021-04-12 Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites Koutsomichalis, Aggelos Kalampoukas, Thomas Mouzakis, Dionysios E. Polymers (Basel) Article The purpose of this study was to manufacture hybrid composites from fabrics with superior ballistic performance, and to analyze their viscoelastic and mechanical response. Therefore, composites in hybrid lay-up modes were manufactured from Vectran, Kevlar and aluminum fiber-woven fabrics through a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The specimens were consequently analyzed using static three-point bending, as well as by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Apart from DMA, time–temperature superposition (TTS) analysis was performed by all available models. It was possible to study the intrinsic viscoelastic behavior of hybrid ballistic laminates, with TTS analysis gained from creep testing. A polynomic mathematical function was proposed to provide a high accuracy for TTS curves, when shifting out of the linearity regimes is required. The usual Williams–Landel–Ferry and Arrhenius models proved not useful in order to describe and model the shift factors of the acquired curves. In terms of static results, the highly nonlinear stress–strain curve of both composites was obvious, whereas the differential mechanism of failure in relation to stress absorption, at each stage of deformation, was studied. SEM fractography revealed that hybrid specimens with Kevlar plies are prone to tensile side failure, whereas the hybrid specimens with Vectran plies exhibited high performance on the tensile side of the specimens in three-point bending, leading to compressive failure owing to the high stress retained at higher strains after the maximum bending strength was reached. MDPI 2021-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8038860/ /pubmed/33917628 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071178 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Koutsomichalis, Aggelos Kalampoukas, Thomas Mouzakis, Dionysios E. Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title | Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title_full | Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title_fullStr | Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title_full_unstemmed | Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title_short | Mechanical Testing and Modeling of the Time–Temperature Superposition Response in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Composites |
title_sort | mechanical testing and modeling of the time–temperature superposition response in hybrid fiber reinforced composites |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038860/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33917628 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071178 |
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