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Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol
Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) formulated with technical-grade ethanol were temporarily permitted in Canada and the U.S beginning April 2020 to meet the current demand due to COVID-19. ABHRs formulated with technical-grade ethanol are low risk for general use. In this review, we discuss the toxicit...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038936/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33850733 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.034 |
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author | Tse, Timothy J. Purdy, Sarah K. Shen, Jianheng Nelson, Fina B. Mustafa, Rana Wiens, Daniel J. Reaney, Martin J.T. |
author_facet | Tse, Timothy J. Purdy, Sarah K. Shen, Jianheng Nelson, Fina B. Mustafa, Rana Wiens, Daniel J. Reaney, Martin J.T. |
author_sort | Tse, Timothy J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) formulated with technical-grade ethanol were temporarily permitted in Canada and the U.S beginning April 2020 to meet the current demand due to COVID-19. ABHRs formulated with technical-grade ethanol are low risk for general use. In this review, we discuss the toxicity of common contaminants found in technical-grade ethanol, as well as contaminants that may have been introduced into the products during formulation and packaging of ABHRs. Although primary route of exposure is via dermal absorption and inhalation, there have been reported elevated concerns regarding to ingestion of ABHRs. Overall, the highest risks were associated with methanol (for its toxicity), ethyl acetate (skin defattening), and acetaldehyde (carcinogenic and teratogenic). For these reasons Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration have issued recalls on products containing some of these contaminants. More vigilant policing by regulatory agencies and general product users are required to ensure compliance, safety, and efficacy of these new products, as demand continue to rise during this unprecedented pandemic. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8038936 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80389362021-04-12 Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol Tse, Timothy J. Purdy, Sarah K. Shen, Jianheng Nelson, Fina B. Mustafa, Rana Wiens, Daniel J. Reaney, Martin J.T. Toxicol Rep Regular Article Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) formulated with technical-grade ethanol were temporarily permitted in Canada and the U.S beginning April 2020 to meet the current demand due to COVID-19. ABHRs formulated with technical-grade ethanol are low risk for general use. In this review, we discuss the toxicity of common contaminants found in technical-grade ethanol, as well as contaminants that may have been introduced into the products during formulation and packaging of ABHRs. Although primary route of exposure is via dermal absorption and inhalation, there have been reported elevated concerns regarding to ingestion of ABHRs. Overall, the highest risks were associated with methanol (for its toxicity), ethyl acetate (skin defattening), and acetaldehyde (carcinogenic and teratogenic). For these reasons Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration have issued recalls on products containing some of these contaminants. More vigilant policing by regulatory agencies and general product users are required to ensure compliance, safety, and efficacy of these new products, as demand continue to rise during this unprecedented pandemic. Elsevier 2021-04-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8038936/ /pubmed/33850733 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.034 Text en © 2021 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Regular Article Tse, Timothy J. Purdy, Sarah K. Shen, Jianheng Nelson, Fina B. Mustafa, Rana Wiens, Daniel J. Reaney, Martin J.T. Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title | Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title_full | Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title_fullStr | Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title_full_unstemmed | Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title_short | Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
title_sort | toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol |
topic | Regular Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038936/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33850733 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.034 |
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