Recurrent tuberculous cerebellar abscess: A case study and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Tuberculous cerebellar abscess is a rare form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. The outcome is often favorable with well-managed treatment; however, they can continue to develop. We share in this article our experience on the management of this rare pathologie. CASE PRESENTATION: A 10-year-old boy with a medical history of tuberculous meningitis after 3 months of tuberculosis treatment. He presented to the hospital with acute obstructive hydrocephalus due to a large tuberculous cerebellar abscess. A puncture of the abscess was initially performed, followed by placement of a ventriculoperiotoneal shunt, which resulted in some clinical improvement. However, the child subsequently presented with neurological deterioration due to the massive enlargement of the tuberculous abscess despite adequate antituberculosis chemotherapy. The initiation of corticosteroid therapy associated with a readjustment of the dose of anti-tuberculosis drugs and a repeated puncture ultimately led to clinical improvement. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Tuberculous brain abscess is an extra-pulmonary location of tuberculosis rarely seen in immunocompetent children. The treatment consists of surgery associated with antituberculosis chemotherapy and rigorous clinico-radiological monitoring. Recurrence is possible despite well-conducted treatment. Additional corticosteroid therapy is necessary with readjustment of the anti-tuberculosis treatment for an effective cure. CONCLUSION: Rarely, the tuberculous abscess of the cerebellum continues to evolve despite proper treatment. This pattern does not necessarily mean treatment failure. Close clinical and imaging monitoring is crucial in the management of these cases.