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Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages
Shiga toxin is the major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and the gene encoding it is carried within the genome of Shiga toxin-converting phages (Stx phages). Numerous Stx phages have been sequenced to gain a better understanding of their contribution to the virulence p...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8044961/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33868197 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.640945 |
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author | Llarena, Ann-Katrin Aspholm, Marina O’Sullivan, Kristin Wêgrzyn, Grzegorz Lindbäck, Toril |
author_facet | Llarena, Ann-Katrin Aspholm, Marina O’Sullivan, Kristin Wêgrzyn, Grzegorz Lindbäck, Toril |
author_sort | Llarena, Ann-Katrin |
collection | PubMed |
description | Shiga toxin is the major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and the gene encoding it is carried within the genome of Shiga toxin-converting phages (Stx phages). Numerous Stx phages have been sequenced to gain a better understanding of their contribution to the virulence potential of EHEC. The Stx phages are classified into the lambdoid phage family based on similarities in lifestyle, gene arrangement, and nucleotide sequence to the lambda phages. This study explores the replication regions of non-lambdoid Stx phages that completely lack the O and P genes encoding the proteins involved in initiating replication in the lambdoid phage genome. Instead, they carry sequences encoding replication proteins that have not been described earlier, here referred to as eru genes (after EHEC phage replication unit genes). This study identified three different types of Eru-phages, where the Eru1-type is carried by the highly pathogenic EHEC strains that caused the Norwegian O103:H25 outbreak in 2006 and the O104:H4 strain that caused the large outbreak in Europe in 2011. We show that Eru1-phages exhibit a less stable lysogenic state than the classical lambdoid Stx phages. As production of phage particles is accompanied by production of Stx toxin, the Eru1-phage could be associated with a high-virulence phenotype of the host EHEC strain. This finding emphasizes the importance of classifying Stx phages according to their replication regions in addition to their Stx-type and could be used to develop a novel strategy to identify highly virulent EHEC strains for improved risk assessment and management. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8044961 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80449612021-04-15 Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages Llarena, Ann-Katrin Aspholm, Marina O’Sullivan, Kristin Wêgrzyn, Grzegorz Lindbäck, Toril Front Microbiol Microbiology Shiga toxin is the major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and the gene encoding it is carried within the genome of Shiga toxin-converting phages (Stx phages). Numerous Stx phages have been sequenced to gain a better understanding of their contribution to the virulence potential of EHEC. The Stx phages are classified into the lambdoid phage family based on similarities in lifestyle, gene arrangement, and nucleotide sequence to the lambda phages. This study explores the replication regions of non-lambdoid Stx phages that completely lack the O and P genes encoding the proteins involved in initiating replication in the lambdoid phage genome. Instead, they carry sequences encoding replication proteins that have not been described earlier, here referred to as eru genes (after EHEC phage replication unit genes). This study identified three different types of Eru-phages, where the Eru1-type is carried by the highly pathogenic EHEC strains that caused the Norwegian O103:H25 outbreak in 2006 and the O104:H4 strain that caused the large outbreak in Europe in 2011. We show that Eru1-phages exhibit a less stable lysogenic state than the classical lambdoid Stx phages. As production of phage particles is accompanied by production of Stx toxin, the Eru1-phage could be associated with a high-virulence phenotype of the host EHEC strain. This finding emphasizes the importance of classifying Stx phages according to their replication regions in addition to their Stx-type and could be used to develop a novel strategy to identify highly virulent EHEC strains for improved risk assessment and management. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-03-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8044961/ /pubmed/33868197 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.640945 Text en Copyright © 2021 Llarena, Aspholm, O’Sullivan, Wêgrzyn and Lindbäck. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Llarena, Ann-Katrin Aspholm, Marina O’Sullivan, Kristin Wêgrzyn, Grzegorz Lindbäck, Toril Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title | Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title_full | Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title_fullStr | Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title_full_unstemmed | Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title_short | Replication Region Analysis Reveals Non-lambdoid Shiga Toxin Converting Bacteriophages |
title_sort | replication region analysis reveals non-lambdoid shiga toxin converting bacteriophages |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8044961/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33868197 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.640945 |
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