Robust induction of T(RM)s by combinatorial nanoshells confers cross-strain sterilizing immunity against lethal influenza viruses

Antigen-specific lung-resident memory T cells (T(RM)s) constitute the first line of defense that mediates rapid protection against respiratory pathogens and inspires novel vaccine designs against infectious pandemic threats, yet effective means of inducing T(RM)s, particularly via non-viral vectors, remain challenging. Here, we demonstrate safe and potent induction of lung-resident T(RM)s using a biodegradable polymeric nanoshell that co-encapsulates antigenic peptides and TLR9 agonist CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) in a virus-mimicking structure. Through subcutaneous priming and intranasal boosting, the combinatorial nanoshell vaccine elicits prominent lung-resident CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that surprisingly show better durability than live viral infections. In particular, nanoshells containing CpG-ODN and a pair of conserved class I and II major histocompatibility complex-restricted influenza nucleoprotein-derived antigenic peptides are demonstrated to induce near-sterilizing immunity against lethal infections with influenza A viruses of different strains and subtypes in mice, resulting in rapid elimination of replicating viruses. We further examine the pulmonary transport dynamic and optimal composition of the nanoshell vaccine conducive for robust T(RM) induction as well as the benefit of subcutaneous priming on T(RM) replenishment. The study presents a practical vaccination strategy for inducing protective T(RM)-mediated immunity, offering a compelling platform and critical insights in the ongoing quest toward a broadly protective vaccine against universal influenza as well as other respiratory pathogens.