Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown

Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis-regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and qu...

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Autores principales: Panigrahi, Anil, O’Malley, Bert W.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Review
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051032/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858480
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1
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author Panigrahi, Anil
O’Malley, Bert W.
author_facet Panigrahi, Anil
O’Malley, Bert W.
author_sort Panigrahi, Anil
collection PubMed
description Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis-regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and quantitative expression dynamics of target genes. Enhancers are widely believed to physically contact the target promoters to effect transcriptional activation. However, our understanding of the full complement of regulatory proteins and the definitive mechanics of enhancer action is incomplete. Here, we review recent findings to present some emerging concepts on enhancer action and also outline a set of outstanding questions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1.
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spelling pubmed-80510322021-04-19 Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown Panigrahi, Anil O’Malley, Bert W. Genome Biol Review Differential gene expression mechanisms ensure cellular differentiation and plasticity to shape ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversity of cell types. A key regulator of differential gene expression programs are the enhancers, the gene-distal cis-regulatory sequences that govern spatiotemporal and quantitative expression dynamics of target genes. Enhancers are widely believed to physically contact the target promoters to effect transcriptional activation. However, our understanding of the full complement of regulatory proteins and the definitive mechanics of enhancer action is incomplete. Here, we review recent findings to present some emerging concepts on enhancer action and also outline a set of outstanding questions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1. BioMed Central 2021-04-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8051032/ /pubmed/33858480 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Review
Panigrahi, Anil
O’Malley, Bert W.
Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title_full Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title_fullStr Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title_full_unstemmed Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title_short Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
title_sort mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051032/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858480
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1
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