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Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown

As of October 8th(,) 2020, the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Brazil due to COVID-19 hit 5,002,357 and 148,304, respectively, making the country one of the most affected by the pandemic. The State of São Paulo (SSP) hosts the largest number of confirmed cases in Brazil, with over 1,016,755...

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Autores principales: Contador, Thaís Miike, Alcântara, Enner, Rodrigues, Thanan, Park, Edward
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier B.V. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052208/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33898734
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100511
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author Contador, Thaís Miike
Alcântara, Enner
Rodrigues, Thanan
Park, Edward
author_facet Contador, Thaís Miike
Alcântara, Enner
Rodrigues, Thanan
Park, Edward
author_sort Contador, Thaís Miike
collection PubMed
description As of October 8th(,) 2020, the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Brazil due to COVID-19 hit 5,002,357 and 148,304, respectively, making the country one of the most affected by the pandemic. The State of São Paulo (SSP) hosts the largest number of confirmed cases in Brazil, with over 1,016,755 cases to date. This study was carried out to investigate how the social distancing measures could have influenced the Ibitinga reservoir's water transparency in São Paulo State, Brazil. We hypothesize that although the city's drainage is the major reservoir's input, as opposed to what has been reported elsewhere, the effect of extensive lockdown in the city of São Paulo due to COVID-19 is marginal on the water transparency. A time series of OLI/Landsat-8 images since 2014 were used to estimate the Secchi Disk Depth (Z(SD)). The COVID-19 cases and deaths (per 100,000 inhabitants), and social isolation index were used to find links between the Z(SD) and COVID-19. The results showed that the highest Z(DS) (higher than 1.6 m) occurred during the dry season (Austral autumn and beginning of Austral winter) and the lowest (0.4–0.8 m) during March 2020 (end of Austral summer). Paired sample t-Tests between images of 2020 and all the others showed that April 20th values were not different from that of June 14th, April 17th and March 18th. Z(SD) values from May 20th were not statistically different from May 14th and April 15th; June 20th values were not different from June 14th; and March 20th values were statistically different from all. We therefore conclude that, based on satellite data, the lockdown in SSP unlikely have influenced the water transparency in the Ibitinga reservoir.
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spelling pubmed-80522082021-04-19 Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown Contador, Thaís Miike Alcântara, Enner Rodrigues, Thanan Park, Edward Remote Sens Appl Article As of October 8th(,) 2020, the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Brazil due to COVID-19 hit 5,002,357 and 148,304, respectively, making the country one of the most affected by the pandemic. The State of São Paulo (SSP) hosts the largest number of confirmed cases in Brazil, with over 1,016,755 cases to date. This study was carried out to investigate how the social distancing measures could have influenced the Ibitinga reservoir's water transparency in São Paulo State, Brazil. We hypothesize that although the city's drainage is the major reservoir's input, as opposed to what has been reported elsewhere, the effect of extensive lockdown in the city of São Paulo due to COVID-19 is marginal on the water transparency. A time series of OLI/Landsat-8 images since 2014 were used to estimate the Secchi Disk Depth (Z(SD)). The COVID-19 cases and deaths (per 100,000 inhabitants), and social isolation index were used to find links between the Z(SD) and COVID-19. The results showed that the highest Z(DS) (higher than 1.6 m) occurred during the dry season (Austral autumn and beginning of Austral winter) and the lowest (0.4–0.8 m) during March 2020 (end of Austral summer). Paired sample t-Tests between images of 2020 and all the others showed that April 20th values were not different from that of June 14th, April 17th and March 18th. Z(SD) values from May 20th were not statistically different from May 14th and April 15th; June 20th values were not different from June 14th; and March 20th values were statistically different from all. We therefore conclude that, based on satellite data, the lockdown in SSP unlikely have influenced the water transparency in the Ibitinga reservoir. Elsevier B.V. 2021-04 2021-04-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8052208/ /pubmed/33898734 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100511 Text en © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
spellingShingle Article
Contador, Thaís Miike
Alcântara, Enner
Rodrigues, Thanan
Park, Edward
Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title_full Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title_fullStr Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title_full_unstemmed Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title_short Remote sensing of water transparency variability in the Ibitinga reservoir during COVID-19 lockdown
title_sort remote sensing of water transparency variability in the ibitinga reservoir during covid-19 lockdown
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052208/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33898734
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100511
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