Serum-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit osteoclastogenesis in active-phase patients with SAPHO syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder and the underlying pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, 88 SAPHO patients and 118 healthy controls were recruited to investigate the role of serum-derived extracellular vesicles (SEVs) in SAPHO syndrome. METHODS: Quantitative proteomics was applied for SEVs proteome identification, and ELISA and Western blotting was performed to verify the results of mass spectrum data. In vitro osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis assay was used to confirm the effects of SEVs on bone metabolism. RESULTS: Tandem mass tagging-based quantitative proteomic analysis of SAPHO SEVs revealed differential expressed proteins involved in bone metabolism. Of these, serum amyloid A-1 (SAA1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were upregulated. Higher SAA1 levels in SAPHO patients were confirmed by ELISA. In addition, SAA1 levels were positively correlated with CRP, an inflammatory marker related to the condition of patients. In vitro celluler studies confirmed that SAPHO SEVs inhibited osteoclastogenesis in patients mainly in the active phase of the disease. Further analysis demonstrated that Nucleolin was upregulated in osteoclasts of active-phase patients under SAPHO SEVs stimulation. CONCLUSION: In this study, we identified SAA1 as an additional inflammation marker that can potentially assist the diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome, and speculated that Nucleolin is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis in active-phase patients.