Synthetic (N,N-Dimethyl)doxorubicin Glycosyl Diastereomers to Dissect Modes of Action of Anthracycline Anticancer Drugs

[Image: see text] Anthracyclines are effective drugs in the treatment of various cancers, but their use comes with severe side effects. The archetypal anthracycline drug, doxorubicin, displays two molecular modes of action: DNA double-strand break formation (through topoisomerase IIα poisoning) and chromatin damage (via eviction of histones). These biological activities can be modulated and toxic side effects can be reduced by separating these two modes of action through alteration of the aminoglycoside moiety of doxorubicin. We herein report on the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a coherent set of configurational doxorubicin analogues featuring all possible stereoisomers of the 1,2-amino-alcohol characteristic for the doxorubicin 3-amino-2,3-dideoxyfucoside, each in nonsubstituted and N,N-dimethylated forms. The set of doxorubicin analogues was synthesized using appropriately protected 2,3,6-dideoxy-3-amino glycosyl donors, equipped with an alkynylbenzoate anomeric leaving group, and the doxorubicin aglycon acceptor. The majority of these glycosylations proceeded in a highly stereoselective manner to provide the desired axial α-linkage. We show that both stereochemistry of the 3-amine carbon and N-substitution state are critical for anthracycline cytotoxicity and generally improve cellular uptake. N,N-Dimethylepirubicin is identified as the most potent anthracycline that does not induce DNA damage while remaining cytotoxic.