Malnutrition affects cholesterol paradox in coronary artery disease: a 41,229 Chinese cohort study

BACKGROUND: Several studies have found that a low baseline low -density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration was associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which is called the “cholesterol paradox”. Low LDL-C concentration may reflect underlying malnutrition, which was strongly associated with increased mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the cholesterol paradox in patients with CAD and the effects of malnutrition. METHOD: A total of 41,229 CAD patients admitted to Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital in China were included in this study from January 2007 to December 2018 and divided into two groups (LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L, n = 4863; LDL-C ≥ 1.8 mmol/L, n = 36,366). The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between LDL-C levels and long-term all-cause mortality and the effect of malnutrition. RESULT: In this real-world cohort (mean age 62.9 years; 74.9% male), there were 5257 cases of all-cause death during a median follow-up of 5.20 years [interquartile range (IQR): 3.05–7.78 years]. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that low LDL-C levels were associated with a worse prognosis. After adjusting for baseline confounders (e.g., age, sex and comorbidities, etc.), multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a low LDL-C level (< 1.8 mmol/L) was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96–1.24). After adjustment for nutritional status, the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with low LDL-C levels decreased (adjusted HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83–0.98). In the final multivariate Cox model, a low LDL-C level was related to better prognosis (adjusted HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84–0.99). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the cholesterol paradox existed in CAD patients but disappeared after accounting for the effects of malnutrition.