Development and evaluation of radiotherapy deep learning dose prediction models for breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment planning of radiotherapy is a time-consuming and planner dependent process that can be automated by dose prediction models. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of two machine learning models for breast cancer radiotherapy before possible clinical implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in-house developed model, based on U-net architecture, and a contextual atlas regression forest (cARF) model integrated in the treatment planning software were trained. Obtained dose distributions were mimicked to create clinically deliverable plans. For training and validation, 90 patients were used, 15 patients were used for testing. Treatment plans were scored on predefined evaluation criteria and percent errors with respect to clinical dose were calculated for doses to planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). RESULTS: The U-net plans before mimicking met all criteria for all patients, both models failed one evaluation criterion in three patients after mimicking. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between clinical and predicted U-net plans before mimicking. Doses to OARs in plans of both models differed significantly from clinical plans, but no clinically relevant differences were found. After mimicking, both models had a mean percent error within 1.5% for the average dose to PTV and OARs. The mean errors for maximum doses were higher, within 6.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between predicted doses to OARs of the models were small when compared to clinical plans, and not found to be clinically relevant. Both models show potential in automated treatment planning for breast cancer.