Differential expression of the BCAT isoforms between breast cancer subtypes

BACKGROUND: Biological characterisation of breast cancer subtypes is essential as it informs treatment regimens especially as different subtypes have distinct locoregional patterns. This is related to metabolic phenotype, where altered cellular metabolism is a fundamental adaptation of cancer cells during rapid proliferation. In this context, the metabolism of the essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), catalysed by the human branched-chain aminotransferase proteins (hBCAT), offers multiple benefits for tumour growth. Upregulation of the cytosolic isoform of hBCAT (hBCATc), regulated by c-Myc, has been demonstrated to increase cell migration, tumour aggressiveness and proliferation in gliomas, ovarian and colorectal cancer but the importance of the mitochondrial isoform, hBCATm has not been fully investigated. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, the expression profile of metabolic proteins (hBCAT, IDH) was assessed between breast cancer subtypes, HER2 + , luminal A, luminal B and TNBC. Correlations between the percentage and the intensity of protein expression/co-expression with clinical parameters, such as hormone receptor status, tumour stage, lymph-node metastasis and survival, were determined. RESULTS: We show that hBCATc expression was found to be significantly associated with the more aggressive HER2 + and luminal B subtypes, whilst hBCATm and IDH1 associated with luminal A subtype. This was concomitant with better prognosis indicating a differential metabolic reliance between these two subtypes, in which enhanced expression of IDH1 may replenish the α-ketoglutarate pool in cells with increased hBCATm expression. CONCLUSION: The cytosolic isoform of BCAT is associated with tumours that express HER2 receptors, whereas the mitochondrial isoform is highly expressed in tumours that are ER + , indicating that the BCAT proteins are regulated through different signalling pathways, which may lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic applications targeting dysregulated cancer metabolism.