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A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro

The combined effects of ionizing radiation (IR) with high-z metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold has developed a growing interest over the recent years. It is currently accepted that radiosensitization is not only attributed to physical effects but also to underlying chemical and biological mec...

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Autores principales: Tremi, Ioanna, Havaki, Sophia, Georgitsopoulou, Sofia, Lagopati, Nefeli, Georgakilas, Vasilios, Gorgoulis, Vassilis G., Georgakilas, Alexandros G.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065702/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33801708
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040859
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author Tremi, Ioanna
Havaki, Sophia
Georgitsopoulou, Sofia
Lagopati, Nefeli
Georgakilas, Vasilios
Gorgoulis, Vassilis G.
Georgakilas, Alexandros G.
author_facet Tremi, Ioanna
Havaki, Sophia
Georgitsopoulou, Sofia
Lagopati, Nefeli
Georgakilas, Vasilios
Gorgoulis, Vassilis G.
Georgakilas, Alexandros G.
author_sort Tremi, Ioanna
collection PubMed
description The combined effects of ionizing radiation (IR) with high-z metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold has developed a growing interest over the recent years. It is currently accepted that radiosensitization is not only attributed to physical effects but also to underlying chemical and biological mechanisms’ contributions. Low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) IRs produce DNA damage of different structural types. The combination of IR with gold nanoparticles may increase the clustering of energy deposition events in the vicinity of the NPs due to the production mainly of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Biological lesions of such origin for example on DNA are more difficult to be repaired compared to isolated lesions and can augment IR’s detrimental effects as shown by numerous studies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers a unique opportunity to study the complexity of these effects on a very detailed cellular level, in terms of structure, including nanoparticle uptake and damage. Cellular uptake and nanoparticle distribution inside the cell are crucial in order to contribute to an optimal dose enhancement effect. TEM is mostly used to observe the cellular localization of nanoparticles. However, it can also provide valuable insights on the NPs’ radiosensitization pathways, by studying the biochemical mechanisms through immunogold-labelling of antigenic sites at ultrastructural level under high resolution and magnification. Here, our goal is to describe the possibilities, methodologies and proper use of TEM in the interest of studying NPs-based radiosensitization mechanisms.
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spelling pubmed-80657022021-04-25 A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro Tremi, Ioanna Havaki, Sophia Georgitsopoulou, Sofia Lagopati, Nefeli Georgakilas, Vasilios Gorgoulis, Vassilis G. Georgakilas, Alexandros G. Nanomaterials (Basel) Technical Note The combined effects of ionizing radiation (IR) with high-z metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold has developed a growing interest over the recent years. It is currently accepted that radiosensitization is not only attributed to physical effects but also to underlying chemical and biological mechanisms’ contributions. Low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) IRs produce DNA damage of different structural types. The combination of IR with gold nanoparticles may increase the clustering of energy deposition events in the vicinity of the NPs due to the production mainly of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Biological lesions of such origin for example on DNA are more difficult to be repaired compared to isolated lesions and can augment IR’s detrimental effects as shown by numerous studies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers a unique opportunity to study the complexity of these effects on a very detailed cellular level, in terms of structure, including nanoparticle uptake and damage. Cellular uptake and nanoparticle distribution inside the cell are crucial in order to contribute to an optimal dose enhancement effect. TEM is mostly used to observe the cellular localization of nanoparticles. However, it can also provide valuable insights on the NPs’ radiosensitization pathways, by studying the biochemical mechanisms through immunogold-labelling of antigenic sites at ultrastructural level under high resolution and magnification. Here, our goal is to describe the possibilities, methodologies and proper use of TEM in the interest of studying NPs-based radiosensitization mechanisms. MDPI 2021-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8065702/ /pubmed/33801708 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040859 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Technical Note
Tremi, Ioanna
Havaki, Sophia
Georgitsopoulou, Sofia
Lagopati, Nefeli
Georgakilas, Vasilios
Gorgoulis, Vassilis G.
Georgakilas, Alexandros G.
A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title_full A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title_fullStr A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title_full_unstemmed A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title_short A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro
title_sort guide for using transmission electron microscopy for studying the radiosensitizing effects of gold nanoparticles in vitro
topic Technical Note
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065702/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33801708
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040859
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