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Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams
Diffractive multi-beams based on 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 binary Dammann gratings applied to a spatial light modulator (SLM) combined with a nanostructured S-wave plate have been used to generate uniform multiple cylindrical vector beams with radial and azimuthal polarizations. The vector quality factor (con...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065781/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33915722 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040376 |
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author | Tang, Yue Perrie, Walter Rico Sierra, David Li, Qianliang Liu, Dun Edwardson, Stuart P. Dearden, Geoff |
author_facet | Tang, Yue Perrie, Walter Rico Sierra, David Li, Qianliang Liu, Dun Edwardson, Stuart P. Dearden, Geoff |
author_sort | Tang, Yue |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diffractive multi-beams based on 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 binary Dammann gratings applied to a spatial light modulator (SLM) combined with a nanostructured S-wave plate have been used to generate uniform multiple cylindrical vector beams with radial and azimuthal polarizations. The vector quality factor (concurrence) of the single vector vortex beam was found to be C = 0.95 ± 0.02, hence showing a high degree of vector purity. The multi-beams have been used to ablate polished metal samples (Ti-6Al-4V) with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), which confirm the polarization states unambiguously. The measured ablation thresholds of the ring mode radial and azimuthal polarizations are close to those of a Gaussian mode when allowance is made for the expected absolute intensity distribution of a ring beam generated from a Gaussian. In addition, ring mode vortex beams with varying orbital angular momentum (OAM) exhibit the same ablation threshold on titanium alloy. Beam scanning with ring modes for surface LIPSS formation can increase micro-structuring throughput by optimizing fluence over a larger effective beam diameter. The comparison of each machined spot was analysed with a machine learning method—cosine similarity—which confirmed the degree of spatial uniformity achieved, reaching cosθ > 0.96 and 0.92 for the 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 arrays, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and white light surface profiling were used to characterize and quantify the effects of surface modification. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8065781 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80657812021-04-25 Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams Tang, Yue Perrie, Walter Rico Sierra, David Li, Qianliang Liu, Dun Edwardson, Stuart P. Dearden, Geoff Micromachines (Basel) Article Diffractive multi-beams based on 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 binary Dammann gratings applied to a spatial light modulator (SLM) combined with a nanostructured S-wave plate have been used to generate uniform multiple cylindrical vector beams with radial and azimuthal polarizations. The vector quality factor (concurrence) of the single vector vortex beam was found to be C = 0.95 ± 0.02, hence showing a high degree of vector purity. The multi-beams have been used to ablate polished metal samples (Ti-6Al-4V) with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), which confirm the polarization states unambiguously. The measured ablation thresholds of the ring mode radial and azimuthal polarizations are close to those of a Gaussian mode when allowance is made for the expected absolute intensity distribution of a ring beam generated from a Gaussian. In addition, ring mode vortex beams with varying orbital angular momentum (OAM) exhibit the same ablation threshold on titanium alloy. Beam scanning with ring modes for surface LIPSS formation can increase micro-structuring throughput by optimizing fluence over a larger effective beam diameter. The comparison of each machined spot was analysed with a machine learning method—cosine similarity—which confirmed the degree of spatial uniformity achieved, reaching cosθ > 0.96 and 0.92 for the 1 × 5 and 2 × 2 arrays, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and white light surface profiling were used to characterize and quantify the effects of surface modification. MDPI 2021-04-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8065781/ /pubmed/33915722 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040376 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Tang, Yue Perrie, Walter Rico Sierra, David Li, Qianliang Liu, Dun Edwardson, Stuart P. Dearden, Geoff Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title | Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title_full | Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title_fullStr | Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title_full_unstemmed | Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title_short | Laser–Material Interactions of High-Quality Ultrashort Pulsed Vector Vortex Beams |
title_sort | laser–material interactions of high-quality ultrashort pulsed vector vortex beams |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065781/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33915722 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040376 |
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