Flame Spray Pyrolysis Co(3)O(4)/CoO as Highly-Efficient Nanocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the rate-limiting reaction in the cathode side of fuel cells. In the quest for alternatives to Pt-electrodes as cathodes in ORR, appropriate transition metal oxide-based electrocatalysts are needed. In the present work, we have synthesized Co(3)O(4) and CoO/Co(3)O(4) nanostructures using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), as electrocatalysts for ORR in acidic and alkaline media. A detailed study of the effect of (Co-oxide)/Pt ratio on ORR efficiency shows that the present FSP-made Co-oxides are able to perform ORR at very low-Pt loading, 0.4% of total metal content. In acid medium, an electrode with (5.2% Pt + 4.8% Co(3)O(4)), achieved the highest ORR performance (J(max) = 8.31 mA/cm(2), E(1/2) = 0.66 V). In alkaline medium, superior performance and stability have been achieved by an electrode with (0.4%Pt + 9.6% (CoO/Co(3)O(4))) with ORR activity (J(max) = 3.5 mA/cm(2), E(1/2) = 0.08 V). Using XRD, XPS, Raman and TEM data, we discuss the structural and electronic aspects of the FSP-made Co-oxide catalysts in relation to the ORR performance. Cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the ORR process involves active sites associated with Co(3+) cations at the cobalt oxide surface. Technology-wise, the present work demonstrates that the developed FSP-protocols, constitutes a novel scalable process for production of co-oxides appropriate for oxygen reduction reaction electrodes.