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An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity
Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 77...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8066579/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33810391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040560 |
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author | Zhang, Yamei Gargan, Siobhan Lu, Yongxu Stevenson, Nigel J. |
author_facet | Zhang, Yamei Gargan, Siobhan Lu, Yongxu Stevenson, Nigel J. |
author_sort | Zhang, Yamei |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8066579 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80665792021-04-25 An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity Zhang, Yamei Gargan, Siobhan Lu, Yongxu Stevenson, Nigel J. Viruses Review Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus. MDPI 2021-03-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8066579/ /pubmed/33810391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040560 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ). |
spellingShingle | Review Zhang, Yamei Gargan, Siobhan Lu, Yongxu Stevenson, Nigel J. An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title | An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title_full | An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title_fullStr | An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed | An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title_short | An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity |
title_sort | overview of current knowledge of deadly covs and their interface with innate immunity |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8066579/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33810391 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040560 |
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