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Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids

Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xant...

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Autores principales: Pereira, Antia G., Otero, Paz, Echave, Javier, Carreira-Casais, Anxo, Chamorro, Franklin, Collazo, Nicolas, Jaboui, Amira, Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina, Simal-Gandara, Jesus, Prieto, Miguel A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8067268/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33801636
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040188
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author Pereira, Antia G.
Otero, Paz
Echave, Javier
Carreira-Casais, Anxo
Chamorro, Franklin
Collazo, Nicolas
Jaboui, Amira
Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina
Simal-Gandara, Jesus
Prieto, Miguel A.
author_facet Pereira, Antia G.
Otero, Paz
Echave, Javier
Carreira-Casais, Anxo
Chamorro, Franklin
Collazo, Nicolas
Jaboui, Amira
Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina
Simal-Gandara, Jesus
Prieto, Miguel A.
author_sort Pereira, Antia G.
collection PubMed
description Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.
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spelling pubmed-80672682021-04-25 Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids Pereira, Antia G. Otero, Paz Echave, Javier Carreira-Casais, Anxo Chamorro, Franklin Collazo, Nicolas Jaboui, Amira Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina Simal-Gandara, Jesus Prieto, Miguel A. Mar Drugs Review Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability. MDPI 2021-03-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8067268/ /pubmed/33801636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040188 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Review
Pereira, Antia G.
Otero, Paz
Echave, Javier
Carreira-Casais, Anxo
Chamorro, Franklin
Collazo, Nicolas
Jaboui, Amira
Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina
Simal-Gandara, Jesus
Prieto, Miguel A.
Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title_full Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title_fullStr Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title_full_unstemmed Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title_short Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
title_sort xanthophylls from the sea: algae as source of bioactive carotenoids
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8067268/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33801636
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040188
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