Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities of the Wild and Laboratory-Reared Thitarodes Larvae, Host of the Chinese Medicinal Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis on Tibetan Plateau

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The ghost moth, Thitarodes sp., is an obligate host of the most precious fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis on Tibetan plateau. Artificial rearing of the ghost moth at low-altitude laboratory by mimicking the environment of the wild habitat for the cultivation of the Chinese cordyceps has been realized. However, the high mortality of ghost moth larvae by pathogens, low and slow infection, and mummification rate by O. sinensis still constrain the efficient cultivation of the Chinese cordyceps. Both larval gut microbiota and their exploitation in the Thitarodes artificial rearing system have attracted a renewed interest. In the present study, the gut bacterial and fungal communities of the wild and laboratory-reared populations were characterized using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The discovery of apparent microbial community shifts between the wild and laboratory-reared ghost moth larvae, many opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and fungi in the gut of the laboratory-reared ghost moth larvae, and the dominant bacteria enriched in the wild ghost moth provide interesting cues for selecting beneficial probiotic bacteria to improve the effectiveness of Thitarodes rearing system and the cultivation of the Chinese cordyceps. ABSTRACT: By employing a culture-dependent and -independent 16S rRNA and ITS gene high-throughput sequencing analyses, comprehensive information was obtained on the gut bacterial and fungal communities in the ghost moth larvae of three different geographic locations from high-altitude on Tibet plateau and from low-altitude laboratory. Twenty-six culturable bacterial species belonging to 21 genera and 14 fungal species belonging to 12 genera were identified from six populations by culture-dependent method. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum was the most abundant bacterial species from both the wild and laboratory-reared larvae. The most abundant OTUs in the wild ghost moth populations were Carnobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae for bacteria, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota for fungi. Larval microbial communities of the wild ghost moth from different geographic locations were not significantly different from each other but significant difference in larval microbial community was detected between the wild and laboratory-reared ghost moth. The larval gut of the wild ghost moth was dominated by the culturable Carnobacterium. However, that of the laboratory-reared ghost moth exhibited significantly abundant Wolbachia, Rhizobium, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Flavobacterium. Furthermore, the larval gut of the wild ghost moth had a significantly higher abundance of Ophiocordyceps but lower abundance of Candida and Aspergillus than that of the laboratory-reared ghost moth.