Cargando…

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avian species, and recent reports have suggested APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Herein, we discuss the virulence and pathogenesis factors of APEC, review the zoonotic potential, provide the current status of antibiot...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kathayat, Dipak, Lokesh, Dhanashree, Ranjit, Sochina, Rajashekara, Gireesh
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069529/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33921518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040467
_version_ 1783683258615070720
author Kathayat, Dipak
Lokesh, Dhanashree
Ranjit, Sochina
Rajashekara, Gireesh
author_facet Kathayat, Dipak
Lokesh, Dhanashree
Ranjit, Sochina
Rajashekara, Gireesh
author_sort Kathayat, Dipak
collection PubMed
description Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avian species, and recent reports have suggested APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Herein, we discuss the virulence and pathogenesis factors of APEC, review the zoonotic potential, provide the current status of antibiotic resistance and progress in vaccine development, and summarize the alternative control measures being investigated. In addition to the known virulence factors, several other factors including quorum sensing system, secretion systems, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators, and genes associated with metabolism also contribute to APEC pathogenesis. The clear understanding of these factors will help in developing new effective treatments. The APEC isolates (particularly belonging to ST95 and ST131 or O1, O2, and O18) have genetic similarities and commonalities in virulence genes with human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) and abilities to cause urinary tract infections and meningitis in humans. Therefore, the zoonotic potential of APEC cannot be undervalued. APEC resistance to almost all classes of antibiotics, including carbapenems, has been already reported. There is a need for an effective APEC vaccine that can provide protection against diverse APEC serotypes. Alternative therapies, especially the virulence inhibitors, can provide a novel solution with less likelihood of developing resistance.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8069529
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-80695292021-04-26 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies Kathayat, Dipak Lokesh, Dhanashree Ranjit, Sochina Rajashekara, Gireesh Pathogens Review Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avian species, and recent reports have suggested APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Herein, we discuss the virulence and pathogenesis factors of APEC, review the zoonotic potential, provide the current status of antibiotic resistance and progress in vaccine development, and summarize the alternative control measures being investigated. In addition to the known virulence factors, several other factors including quorum sensing system, secretion systems, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators, and genes associated with metabolism also contribute to APEC pathogenesis. The clear understanding of these factors will help in developing new effective treatments. The APEC isolates (particularly belonging to ST95 and ST131 or O1, O2, and O18) have genetic similarities and commonalities in virulence genes with human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) and abilities to cause urinary tract infections and meningitis in humans. Therefore, the zoonotic potential of APEC cannot be undervalued. APEC resistance to almost all classes of antibiotics, including carbapenems, has been already reported. There is a need for an effective APEC vaccine that can provide protection against diverse APEC serotypes. Alternative therapies, especially the virulence inhibitors, can provide a novel solution with less likelihood of developing resistance. MDPI 2021-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8069529/ /pubmed/33921518 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040467 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Kathayat, Dipak
Lokesh, Dhanashree
Ranjit, Sochina
Rajashekara, Gireesh
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title_full Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title_fullStr Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title_full_unstemmed Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title_short Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies
title_sort avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec): an overview of virulence and pathogenesis factors, zoonotic potential, and control strategies
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069529/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33921518
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040467
work_keys_str_mv AT kathayatdipak avianpathogenicescherichiacoliapecanoverviewofvirulenceandpathogenesisfactorszoonoticpotentialandcontrolstrategies
AT lokeshdhanashree avianpathogenicescherichiacoliapecanoverviewofvirulenceandpathogenesisfactorszoonoticpotentialandcontrolstrategies
AT ranjitsochina avianpathogenicescherichiacoliapecanoverviewofvirulenceandpathogenesisfactorszoonoticpotentialandcontrolstrategies
AT rajashekaragireesh avianpathogenicescherichiacoliapecanoverviewofvirulenceandpathogenesisfactorszoonoticpotentialandcontrolstrategies