Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Alleviate Chilling Stress in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by Regulating Antioxidative System and Chilling Response Transcription Factors

As one of the common abiotic stresses, chilling stress has negative effects on rice growth and development. Minimization of these adverse effects through various ways is vital for the productivity of rice. Nanoparticles (NPs) serve as one of the effective alleviation methods against abiotic stresses. In our research, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs were utilized as foliar sprays on rice leaves to explore the mechanism underlying the effect of NPs against the negative impact of chilling stress on rice seedlings. We revealed that foliar application of ZnO NPs significantly alleviated chilling stress in hydroponically grown rice seedlings, including improved plant height, root length, and dry biomass. Besides, ZnO NPs also restored chlorophyll accumulation and significantly ameliorated chilling-induced oxidative stress with reduced levels of H(2)O(2), MDA, proline, and increased activities of major antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). We further found that foliar application of ZnO NPs induced the chilling-induced gene expression of the antioxidative system (OsCu/ZnSOD1, OsCu/ZnSOD2, OsCu/ZnSOD3, OsPRX11, OsPRX65, OsPRX89, OsCATA, and OsCATB) and chilling response transcription factors (OsbZIP52, OsMYB4, OsMYB30, OsNAC5, OsWRKY76, and OsWRKY94) in leaves of chilling-treated seedlings. Taken together, our results suggest that foliar application of ZnO NPs could alleviate chilling stress in rice via the mediation of the antioxidative system and chilling response transcription factors.