Cargando…
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison
Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the implementation of social distancing and home confinement measures may elevate the risk of vitamin D deficiency particularly for infants. This study aimed to quantify changes in vitamin D level among infants and toddlers in Hong...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069706/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33924387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041270 |
_version_ | 1783683300005511168 |
---|---|
author | Wong, Rosa S. Tung, Keith T. S. So, Hung-Kwan Wong, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Siew Yan Tsang, Hing Wai Tung, Joanna Y. L. Chua, Gilbert T. Ho, Marco H. K. Wong, Ian C. K. Ip, Patrick |
author_facet | Wong, Rosa S. Tung, Keith T. S. So, Hung-Kwan Wong, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Siew Yan Tsang, Hing Wai Tung, Joanna Y. L. Chua, Gilbert T. Ho, Marco H. K. Wong, Ian C. K. Ip, Patrick |
author_sort | Wong, Rosa S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the implementation of social distancing and home confinement measures may elevate the risk of vitamin D deficiency particularly for infants. This study aimed to quantify changes in vitamin D level among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: We recruited 303 infants and toddlers aged 2–24 months by stratified random sampling from 1 June 2019 to November 30, 2020. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of time on infants’ serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level overall and by age groups before and after the outbreak. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed to examine the sustained effect of COVID-19 on their serum 25(OH)D level. Results: The ITS results showed no immediate reduction in serum 25(OH)D level among infants, but a decreasing trend was observed in the subsequent months post-outbreak at a monthly decline rate of −6.32 nmol/L. When analyzed by age group, the magnitude of post-outbreak reduction in 25(OH)D was stronger among younger infants (aged 2–6 months). Conclusion: Guidelines and recommendations should be given to pregnant women and mothers to ensure sufficient vitamin D level in their infants during the COVID-19 period. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8069706 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80697062021-04-26 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison Wong, Rosa S. Tung, Keith T. S. So, Hung-Kwan Wong, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Siew Yan Tsang, Hing Wai Tung, Joanna Y. L. Chua, Gilbert T. Ho, Marco H. K. Wong, Ian C. K. Ip, Patrick Nutrients Article Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the implementation of social distancing and home confinement measures may elevate the risk of vitamin D deficiency particularly for infants. This study aimed to quantify changes in vitamin D level among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: We recruited 303 infants and toddlers aged 2–24 months by stratified random sampling from 1 June 2019 to November 30, 2020. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of time on infants’ serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level overall and by age groups before and after the outbreak. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed to examine the sustained effect of COVID-19 on their serum 25(OH)D level. Results: The ITS results showed no immediate reduction in serum 25(OH)D level among infants, but a decreasing trend was observed in the subsequent months post-outbreak at a monthly decline rate of −6.32 nmol/L. When analyzed by age group, the magnitude of post-outbreak reduction in 25(OH)D was stronger among younger infants (aged 2–6 months). Conclusion: Guidelines and recommendations should be given to pregnant women and mothers to ensure sufficient vitamin D level in their infants during the COVID-19 period. MDPI 2021-04-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8069706/ /pubmed/33924387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041270 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Wong, Rosa S. Tung, Keith T. S. So, Hung-Kwan Wong, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Siew Yan Tsang, Hing Wai Tung, Joanna Y. L. Chua, Gilbert T. Ho, Marco H. K. Wong, Ian C. K. Ip, Patrick Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title | Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title_full | Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title_fullStr | Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title_short | Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Level among Infants and Toddlers: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis and before-and-after Comparison |
title_sort | impact of covid-19 pandemic on serum vitamin d level among infants and toddlers: an interrupted time series analysis and before-and-after comparison |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8069706/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33924387 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041270 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT wongrosas impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT tungkeithts impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT sohungkwan impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT wongwilfredhs impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT wongsiewyan impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT tsanghingwai impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT tungjoannayl impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT chuagilbertt impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT homarcohk impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT wongianck impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison AT ippatrick impactofcovid19pandemiconserumvitamindlevelamonginfantsandtoddlersaninterruptedtimeseriesanalysisandbeforeandaftercomparison |