Room-Temperature Structure of Xylitol-Bound Glucose Isomerase by Serial Crystallography: Xylitol Binding in the M1 Site Induces Release of Metal Bound in the M2 Site

Glucose isomerase (GI) is an important enzyme that is widely used in industrial applications, such as in the production of high-fructose corn syrup or bioethanol. Studying inhibitor effects on GI is important to deciphering GI-specific molecular functions, as well as potential industrial applications. Analysis of the existing xylitol-bound GI structure revealed low metal occupancy at the M2 site; however, it remains unknown why this phenomenon occurs. This study reports the room-temperature structures of native and xylitol-bound GI from Streptomyces rubiginosus (SruGI) determined by serial millisecond crystallography. The M1 site of native SruGI exhibits distorted octahedral coordination; however, xylitol binding results in the M1 site exhibit geometrically stable octahedral coordination. This change results in the rearrangement of metal-binding residues for the M1 and M2 sites, the latter of which previously displayed distorted metal coordination, resulting in unstable coordination of Mg(2+) at the M2 site and possibly explaining the inducement of low metal-binding affinity. These results enhance the understanding of the configuration of the xylitol-bound state of SruGI and provide insights into its future industrial application.