Thixotropic Hydrogels Composed of Self-Assembled Nanofibers of Double-Hydrophobic Elastin-Like Block Polypeptides

Physically crosslinked hydrogels with thixotropic properties attract considerable attention in the biomedical research field because their self-healing nature is useful in cell encapsulation, as injectable gels, and as bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Here, we report the formation of thixotropic hydrogels containing nanofibers of double-hydrophobic elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). The hydrogels are obtained with the double-hydrophobic ELPs at 0.5 wt%, the concentration of which is an order of magnitude lower than those for previously reported ELP hydrogels. Although the kinetics of hydrogel formation is slower for the double-hydrophobic ELP with a cell-binding sequence, the storage moduli G′ of mature hydrogels are similar regardless of the presence of a cell-binding sequence. Reversible gel–sol transitions are demonstrated in step-strain rheological measurements. The degree of recovery of the storage modulus G′ after the removal of high shear stress is improved by chemical crosslinking of nanofibers when intermolecular crosslinking is successful. This work would provide deeper insight into the structure–property relationships of the self-assembling polypeptides and a better design strategy for hydrogels with desired viscoelastic properties.