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The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †

In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixel...

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Autores principales: Younus, Othman Isam, Hassan, Navid Bani, Ghassemlooy, Zabih, Zvanovec, Stanislav, Alves, Luis Nero, Le-Minh, Hoa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8074052/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923835
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082826
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author Younus, Othman Isam
Hassan, Navid Bani
Ghassemlooy, Zabih
Zvanovec, Stanislav
Alves, Luis Nero
Le-Minh, Hoa
author_facet Younus, Othman Isam
Hassan, Navid Bani
Ghassemlooy, Zabih
Zvanovec, Stanislav
Alves, Luis Nero
Le-Minh, Hoa
author_sort Younus, Othman Isam
collection PubMed
description In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixels per symbol [Formula: see text] , which allows a fair comparison considering the progress made in the development of the current image sensors in terms of the frame rates and the resolutions of each frame. Using the proposed equalizer, we experimentally demonstrate a non-flickering system using a single light-emitting diode (LED) with [Formula: see text] of 20 and 30 pixels/symbol for the unequalized and equalized systems, respectively. Potential transmission rates of up to 18.6 and 24.4 kbps are achieved with and without the equalization, respectively. The quality of the received signal is assessed using the eye-diagram opening and its linearity and the bit error rate performance. An acceptable bit error rate (below the forward error correction limit) and an improvement of ~66% in the eye linearity are achieved using a single LED and a typical commercial camera with equalization.
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spelling pubmed-80740522021-04-27 The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications † Younus, Othman Isam Hassan, Navid Bani Ghassemlooy, Zabih Zvanovec, Stanislav Alves, Luis Nero Le-Minh, Hoa Sensors (Basel) Article In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixels per symbol [Formula: see text] , which allows a fair comparison considering the progress made in the development of the current image sensors in terms of the frame rates and the resolutions of each frame. Using the proposed equalizer, we experimentally demonstrate a non-flickering system using a single light-emitting diode (LED) with [Formula: see text] of 20 and 30 pixels/symbol for the unequalized and equalized systems, respectively. Potential transmission rates of up to 18.6 and 24.4 kbps are achieved with and without the equalization, respectively. The quality of the received signal is assessed using the eye-diagram opening and its linearity and the bit error rate performance. An acceptable bit error rate (below the forward error correction limit) and an improvement of ~66% in the eye linearity are achieved using a single LED and a typical commercial camera with equalization. MDPI 2021-04-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8074052/ /pubmed/33923835 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082826 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Younus, Othman Isam
Hassan, Navid Bani
Ghassemlooy, Zabih
Zvanovec, Stanislav
Alves, Luis Nero
Le-Minh, Hoa
The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title_full The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title_fullStr The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title_full_unstemmed The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title_short The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications †
title_sort utilization of artificial neural network equalizer in optical camera communications †
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8074052/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923835
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082826
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