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Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms

In skiing, performance and safety can depend on small details. Consequently, the measurement of forces within the ski boots, which represent the essential form-fitting and force transmitting interface during skiing, will lead to enhanced performance and more importantly safety. This study presents a...

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Autores principales: Nimmervoll, Florian, Çakmak, Umut, Reiter, Martin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077231/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33928241
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.557849
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author Nimmervoll, Florian
Çakmak, Umut
Reiter, Martin
author_facet Nimmervoll, Florian
Çakmak, Umut
Reiter, Martin
author_sort Nimmervoll, Florian
collection PubMed
description In skiing, performance and safety can depend on small details. Consequently, the measurement of forces within the ski boots, which represent the essential form-fitting and force transmitting interface during skiing, will lead to enhanced performance and more importantly safety. This study presents a methodology to measure force patterns (continuous data acquisition) under laboratory as well as realistic slope conditions. The force measurements will be analyzed to gain insights of the skiing style, skiing technique, specific falling mechanisms (i.e., boot induced anterior drawer, phantom foot, hyperextension of the knee joint, and valgus-external rotation). Furthermore, the locations of force sensors in a overlap designed ski boot are discussed in terms of practicability and applicability. These insights are of particular interest to derive release conditions for predictive binding systems and furthermore provide data to improve the style of skiing (e.g., turn release action or center of gravity behavior). For that purpose, a ski boot was instrumented with seven force (piezoresistive) sensors while the basic structure of the boot and the binding remained unchanged. Three sensors were placed on the insole to measure ground reaction forces as well as the contact forces between the skier's foot and the boot. The other four sensors were positioned at spoiler/shaft and toecap (front sole) regions of the ski boot. The locations of the force sensors within the ski-boot are defined with regard to the main body movement while skiing (body-related planes). In addition, a commercially available ski and body mount measuring system were utilized to correlate speed, inclination and body position with the force patterns occurring during skiing on the slope as well as simulating specific body positions on an inclined ramp under laboratory conditions. The measured force revealed that the toecap (upper) sensors provide insufficient even non-conclusive data to deduce significant patterns. However, the insole sensors (heel and front sole area) as well as the spoiler/shaft (back) sensors are more reliable and show characteristic patterns indicating forward or backward lean. These results will have an important impact to the development of predictiveelectro-mechanical bindings to prevent knee-related injuries, which, from a statistical point of view, concerns largely women and young athletes.
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spelling pubmed-80772312021-04-28 Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms Nimmervoll, Florian Çakmak, Umut Reiter, Martin Front Sports Act Living Sports and Active Living In skiing, performance and safety can depend on small details. Consequently, the measurement of forces within the ski boots, which represent the essential form-fitting and force transmitting interface during skiing, will lead to enhanced performance and more importantly safety. This study presents a methodology to measure force patterns (continuous data acquisition) under laboratory as well as realistic slope conditions. The force measurements will be analyzed to gain insights of the skiing style, skiing technique, specific falling mechanisms (i.e., boot induced anterior drawer, phantom foot, hyperextension of the knee joint, and valgus-external rotation). Furthermore, the locations of force sensors in a overlap designed ski boot are discussed in terms of practicability and applicability. These insights are of particular interest to derive release conditions for predictive binding systems and furthermore provide data to improve the style of skiing (e.g., turn release action or center of gravity behavior). For that purpose, a ski boot was instrumented with seven force (piezoresistive) sensors while the basic structure of the boot and the binding remained unchanged. Three sensors were placed on the insole to measure ground reaction forces as well as the contact forces between the skier's foot and the boot. The other four sensors were positioned at spoiler/shaft and toecap (front sole) regions of the ski boot. The locations of the force sensors within the ski-boot are defined with regard to the main body movement while skiing (body-related planes). In addition, a commercially available ski and body mount measuring system were utilized to correlate speed, inclination and body position with the force patterns occurring during skiing on the slope as well as simulating specific body positions on an inclined ramp under laboratory conditions. The measured force revealed that the toecap (upper) sensors provide insufficient even non-conclusive data to deduce significant patterns. However, the insole sensors (heel and front sole area) as well as the spoiler/shaft (back) sensors are more reliable and show characteristic patterns indicating forward or backward lean. These results will have an important impact to the development of predictiveelectro-mechanical bindings to prevent knee-related injuries, which, from a statistical point of view, concerns largely women and young athletes. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-04-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8077231/ /pubmed/33928241 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.557849 Text en Copyright © 2021 Nimmervoll, Çakmak and Reiter. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Sports and Active Living
Nimmervoll, Florian
Çakmak, Umut
Reiter, Martin
Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title_full Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title_fullStr Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title_full_unstemmed Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title_short Studying Force Patterns in an Alpine Ski Boot and Their Relation to Riding Styles and Falling Mechanisms
title_sort studying force patterns in an alpine ski boot and their relation to riding styles and falling mechanisms
topic Sports and Active Living
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077231/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33928241
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.557849
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