Frugal Innovation: Enabling Mechanical Ventilation During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Resource-Limited Settings

ICUs worldwide are facing resource shortages including increased need for provision of invasive mechanical ventilation during the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Fearing shortage of ventilators, many private companies and public institutions have focused on building new inexpensive, open-source ventilators. However, designing and building new ventilators is not sufficient for addressing invasive mechanical ventilation needs in resource-limited settings. In this commentary, we highlight additional interdependent constraints that should be considered and provide a framework for addressing these constraints to ensure that the increasing stockpile of open-source ventilators are easily deployable and sustainable for use in resource-limited settings.