Estimation of serum pyruvic acid levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma

INTRODUCTION: Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for adenosine triphosphate generation (the Warburg effect) due to mitochondrial respiration injury and hypoxia, which are frequently associated with resistance to therapeutic agents. Pyruvic acid is produced as an end product of glycolysis along with lactic acid. At room temperature, lactic acid converts into pyruvic acid as it is chemically unstable. AIM: To evaluate the serum pyruvic acid levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC were included in the study. The cases were staged clinically (tumor–node–metastasis staging) and graded histopathologically (modified Broder's classification). A control group of 30 age-matched individuals with no systemic diseases were selected and the serum levels of pyruvic acid were measured and the absorbance was read using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The results were evaluated statistically and discussed. RESULTS: Pair-wise comparison of clinical stages and histological grades of OSCC was done using Tukey's multiple post hoc procedure. The increase in mean serum pyruvic acid levels between any two groups and grades was found to be statistically significant respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Serum pyruvic acid levels gradually increased from individuals without OSCC to individuals with OSCC. Higher levels of serum pyruvic acid were seen with increasing clinical stage and the mean serum pyruvic acid levels were also found to be significantly increasing with advancing histopathological grades of OSCC.