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Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2
Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8083626/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33760045 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjab020 |
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author | Scoca, Viviana Di Nunzio, Francesca |
author_facet | Scoca, Viviana Di Nunzio, Francesca |
author_sort | Scoca, Viviana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes, excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs. Another older pandemic virus, HIV-1, also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle. Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins, breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment. Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear. Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8083626 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80836262021-05-03 Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Scoca, Viviana Di Nunzio, Francesca J Mol Cell Biol Reviews Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes, excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs. Another older pandemic virus, HIV-1, also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle. Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins, breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment. Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear. Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses. Oxford University Press 2021-03-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8083626/ /pubmed/33760045 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjab020 Text en © The Author(s) (2021). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, CEMCS, CAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Reviews Scoca, Viviana Di Nunzio, Francesca Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title | Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full | Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title_fullStr | Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title_full_unstemmed | Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title_short | Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 |
title_sort | membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: hiv-1 and sars-cov-2 |
topic | Reviews |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8083626/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33760045 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjab020 |
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