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Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study
BACKGROUND: In recent years, mobile-based interventions have received more attention as an alternative to on-site obesity management. Despite increased mobile interventions for obesity, there are lost opportunities to achieve better outcomes due to the lack of a predictive model using current existi...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
JMIR Publications
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8088842/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33779574 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22183 |
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author | Kim, Ho Heon Kim, Youngin Park, Yu Rang |
author_facet | Kim, Ho Heon Kim, Youngin Park, Yu Rang |
author_sort | Kim, Ho Heon |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: In recent years, mobile-based interventions have received more attention as an alternative to on-site obesity management. Despite increased mobile interventions for obesity, there are lost opportunities to achieve better outcomes due to the lack of a predictive model using current existing longitudinal and cross-sectional health data. Noom (Noom Inc) is a mobile app that provides various lifestyle-related logs including food logging, exercise logging, and weight logging. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a weight change predictive model using an interpretable artificial intelligence algorithm for mobile-based interventions and to explore contributing factors to weight loss. METHODS: Lifelog mobile app (Noom) user data of individuals who used the weight loss program for 16 weeks in the United States were used to develop an interpretable recurrent neural network algorithm for weight prediction that considers both time-variant and time-fixed variables. From a total of 93,696 users in the coaching program, we excluded users who did not take part in the 16-week weight loss program or who were not overweight or obese or had not entered weight or meal records for the entire 16-week program. This interpretable model was trained and validated with 5-fold cross-validation (training set: 70%; testing: 30%) using the lifelog data. Mean absolute percentage error between actual weight loss and predicted weight was used to measure model performance. To better understand the behavior factors contributing to weight loss or gain, we calculated contribution coefficients in test sets. RESULTS: A total of 17,867 users’ data were included in the analysis. The overall mean absolute percentage error of the model was 3.50%, and the error of the model declined from 3.78% to 3.45% by the end of the program. The time-level attention weighting was shown to be equally distributed at 0.0625 each week, but this gradually decreased (from 0.0626 to 0.0624) as it approached 16 weeks. Factors such as usage pattern, weight input frequency, meal input adherence, exercise, and sharp decreases in weight trajectories had negative contribution coefficients of –0.021, –0.032, –0.015, and –0.066, respectively. For time-fixed variables, being male had a contribution coefficient of –0.091. CONCLUSIONS: An interpretable algorithm, with both time-variant and time-fixed data, was used to precisely predict weight loss while preserving model transparency. This week-to-week prediction model is expected to improve weight loss and provide a global explanation of contributing factors, leading to better outcomes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8088842 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | JMIR Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80888422021-05-07 Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study Kim, Ho Heon Kim, Youngin Park, Yu Rang JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Original Paper BACKGROUND: In recent years, mobile-based interventions have received more attention as an alternative to on-site obesity management. Despite increased mobile interventions for obesity, there are lost opportunities to achieve better outcomes due to the lack of a predictive model using current existing longitudinal and cross-sectional health data. Noom (Noom Inc) is a mobile app that provides various lifestyle-related logs including food logging, exercise logging, and weight logging. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a weight change predictive model using an interpretable artificial intelligence algorithm for mobile-based interventions and to explore contributing factors to weight loss. METHODS: Lifelog mobile app (Noom) user data of individuals who used the weight loss program for 16 weeks in the United States were used to develop an interpretable recurrent neural network algorithm for weight prediction that considers both time-variant and time-fixed variables. From a total of 93,696 users in the coaching program, we excluded users who did not take part in the 16-week weight loss program or who were not overweight or obese or had not entered weight or meal records for the entire 16-week program. This interpretable model was trained and validated with 5-fold cross-validation (training set: 70%; testing: 30%) using the lifelog data. Mean absolute percentage error between actual weight loss and predicted weight was used to measure model performance. To better understand the behavior factors contributing to weight loss or gain, we calculated contribution coefficients in test sets. RESULTS: A total of 17,867 users’ data were included in the analysis. The overall mean absolute percentage error of the model was 3.50%, and the error of the model declined from 3.78% to 3.45% by the end of the program. The time-level attention weighting was shown to be equally distributed at 0.0625 each week, but this gradually decreased (from 0.0626 to 0.0624) as it approached 16 weeks. Factors such as usage pattern, weight input frequency, meal input adherence, exercise, and sharp decreases in weight trajectories had negative contribution coefficients of –0.021, –0.032, –0.015, and –0.066, respectively. For time-fixed variables, being male had a contribution coefficient of –0.091. CONCLUSIONS: An interpretable algorithm, with both time-variant and time-fixed data, was used to precisely predict weight loss while preserving model transparency. This week-to-week prediction model is expected to improve weight loss and provide a global explanation of contributing factors, leading to better outcomes. JMIR Publications 2021-03-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8088842/ /pubmed/33779574 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22183 Text en ©Ho Heon Kim, Youngin Kim, Yu Rang Park. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 29.03.2021. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
spellingShingle | Original Paper Kim, Ho Heon Kim, Youngin Park, Yu Rang Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title | Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title_full | Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title_fullStr | Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title_short | Interpretable Conditional Recurrent Neural Network for Weight Change Prediction: Algorithm Development and Validation Study |
title_sort | interpretable conditional recurrent neural network for weight change prediction: algorithm development and validation study |
topic | Original Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8088842/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33779574 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22183 |
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