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A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19

The current revival of the American economy is being predicated on social distancing, specifically the Six-Foot Rule, a guideline that offers little protection from pathogen-bearing aerosol droplets sufficiently small to be continuously mixed through an indoor space. The importance of airborne trans...

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Autores principales: Bazant, Martin Z., Bush, John W. M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: National Academy of Sciences 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8092463/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018995118
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author Bazant, Martin Z.
Bush, John W. M.
author_facet Bazant, Martin Z.
Bush, John W. M.
author_sort Bazant, Martin Z.
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description The current revival of the American economy is being predicated on social distancing, specifically the Six-Foot Rule, a guideline that offers little protection from pathogen-bearing aerosol droplets sufficiently small to be continuously mixed through an indoor space. The importance of airborne transmission of COVID-19 is now widely recognized. While tools for risk assessment have recently been developed, no safety guideline has been proposed to protect against it. We here build on models of airborne disease transmission in order to derive an indoor safety guideline that would impose an upper bound on the “cumulative exposure time,” the product of the number of occupants and their time in an enclosed space. We demonstrate how this bound depends on the rates of ventilation and air filtration, dimensions of the room, breathing rate, respiratory activity and face mask use of its occupants, and infectiousness of the respiratory aerosols. By synthesizing available data from the best-characterized indoor spreading events with respiratory drop size distributions, we estimate an infectious dose on the order of 10 aerosol-borne virions. The new virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) is thus inferred to be an order of magnitude more infectious than its forerunner (SARS-CoV), consistent with the pandemic status achieved by COVID-19. Case studies are presented for classrooms and nursing homes, and a spreadsheet and online app are provided to facilitate use of our guideline. Implications for contact tracing and quarantining are considered, and appropriate caveats enumerated. Particular consideration is given to respiratory jets, which may substantially elevate risk when face masks are not worn.
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spelling pubmed-80924632021-05-12 A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19 Bazant, Martin Z. Bush, John W. M. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Physical Sciences The current revival of the American economy is being predicated on social distancing, specifically the Six-Foot Rule, a guideline that offers little protection from pathogen-bearing aerosol droplets sufficiently small to be continuously mixed through an indoor space. The importance of airborne transmission of COVID-19 is now widely recognized. While tools for risk assessment have recently been developed, no safety guideline has been proposed to protect against it. We here build on models of airborne disease transmission in order to derive an indoor safety guideline that would impose an upper bound on the “cumulative exposure time,” the product of the number of occupants and their time in an enclosed space. We demonstrate how this bound depends on the rates of ventilation and air filtration, dimensions of the room, breathing rate, respiratory activity and face mask use of its occupants, and infectiousness of the respiratory aerosols. By synthesizing available data from the best-characterized indoor spreading events with respiratory drop size distributions, we estimate an infectious dose on the order of 10 aerosol-borne virions. The new virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) is thus inferred to be an order of magnitude more infectious than its forerunner (SARS-CoV), consistent with the pandemic status achieved by COVID-19. Case studies are presented for classrooms and nursing homes, and a spreadsheet and online app are provided to facilitate use of our guideline. Implications for contact tracing and quarantining are considered, and appropriate caveats enumerated. Particular consideration is given to respiratory jets, which may substantially elevate risk when face masks are not worn. National Academy of Sciences 2021-04-27 2021-04-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8092463/ /pubmed/33858987 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018995118 Text en Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Physical Sciences
Bazant, Martin Z.
Bush, John W. M.
A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title_full A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title_fullStr A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title_full_unstemmed A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title_short A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
title_sort guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of covid-19
topic Physical Sciences
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8092463/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33858987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018995118
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