One-step synthesis of black TiO(2-x) microspheres by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process and their visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities

Black TiO(2-x) has recently emerged as one of the most promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts, but current synthesis routes that require a reduction step are not compatible with cost-effective mass production and a relatively large particle such as microspheres. Herein, we demonstrate a simple, fast, cost-effective and scalable one-step process based on an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for the synthesis of black TiO(2-x) microspheres. The process utilizes an oxygen-deficient environment during the pyrolysis of titanium precursors to directly introduce oxygen vacancies into synthesized TiO(2) products, and thus a reduction step is not required. Droplets of a titanium precursor solution were generated by ultrasound energy and dragged with continuous N(2) flow into a furnace for the decomposition of the precursor and crystallization to TiO(2) and through such a process spherical black TiO(2-x) microspheres were obtained at 900 °C. The synthesized black TiO(2-x) microsphere with trivalent titanium/oxygen vacancy clearly showed the variation of physicochemical properties compared with those of white TiO(2). In addition, the synthesized microspheres presented the superior photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. This work presents a new methodology for a simple one-step synthesis of black metal oxides microspheres with oxygen vacancies for visible-light-driven photocatalysts with a higher efficiency.