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Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being
OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption to daily life. This study investigated depression, anxiety and stress in New Zealand (NZ) during the first 10 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated psychological and behavioural factors. It also compares the results with...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098295/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33941630 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045325 |
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author | Gasteiger, Norina Vedhara, Kavita Massey, Adam Jia, Ru Ayling, Kieran Chalder, Trudie Coupland, Carol Broadbent, Elizabeth |
author_facet | Gasteiger, Norina Vedhara, Kavita Massey, Adam Jia, Ru Ayling, Kieran Chalder, Trudie Coupland, Carol Broadbent, Elizabeth |
author_sort | Gasteiger, Norina |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption to daily life. This study investigated depression, anxiety and stress in New Zealand (NZ) during the first 10 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated psychological and behavioural factors. It also compares the results with a similar cross-sectional study in the UK. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: NZ community cohort. PARTICIPANTS: N=681 adults (≥18 years) in NZ. The cohort was predominantly female (89%) with a mean age of 42 years (range 18–87). Most (74%) identified as NZ European and almost half (46%) were keyworkers. Most were non-smokers (95%) and 20% identified themselves as having clinical risk factors which would put them at increased or greatest risk of COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression, anxiety, stress, positive mood and engagement in health behaviours (smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption). RESULTS: Depression and anxiety significantly exceeded population norms (p<0.0001). Being younger (p<0.0001) and most at risk of COVID-19 (p<0.05) were associated with greater depression, anxiety and stress. Greater positive mood, lower loneliness and greater exercise were protective factors for all outcomes (p<0.0001). Smoking (p=0.037) and alcohol consumption (p<0.05) were associated with increased anxiety. Pet ownership was associated with lower depression (p=0.006) and anxiety (p=0.008). When adjusting for age and gender differences, anxiety (p=0.002) and stress (p=0.007) were significantly lower in NZ than in the UK. The NZ sample reported lower perceived risk (p<0.0001) and worry about COVID-19 (p<0.0001) than the UK sample. CONCLUSIONS: The NZ population had higher depression and anxiety compared with population norms. Younger people and those most at risk of COVID-19 reported poorer mental health. Interventions should promote frequent exercise, and reduce loneliness and unhealthy behaviours. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8098295 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-80982952021-05-10 Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being Gasteiger, Norina Vedhara, Kavita Massey, Adam Jia, Ru Ayling, Kieran Chalder, Trudie Coupland, Carol Broadbent, Elizabeth BMJ Open Mental Health OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption to daily life. This study investigated depression, anxiety and stress in New Zealand (NZ) during the first 10 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated psychological and behavioural factors. It also compares the results with a similar cross-sectional study in the UK. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: NZ community cohort. PARTICIPANTS: N=681 adults (≥18 years) in NZ. The cohort was predominantly female (89%) with a mean age of 42 years (range 18–87). Most (74%) identified as NZ European and almost half (46%) were keyworkers. Most were non-smokers (95%) and 20% identified themselves as having clinical risk factors which would put them at increased or greatest risk of COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression, anxiety, stress, positive mood and engagement in health behaviours (smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption). RESULTS: Depression and anxiety significantly exceeded population norms (p<0.0001). Being younger (p<0.0001) and most at risk of COVID-19 (p<0.05) were associated with greater depression, anxiety and stress. Greater positive mood, lower loneliness and greater exercise were protective factors for all outcomes (p<0.0001). Smoking (p=0.037) and alcohol consumption (p<0.05) were associated with increased anxiety. Pet ownership was associated with lower depression (p=0.006) and anxiety (p=0.008). When adjusting for age and gender differences, anxiety (p=0.002) and stress (p=0.007) were significantly lower in NZ than in the UK. The NZ sample reported lower perceived risk (p<0.0001) and worry about COVID-19 (p<0.0001) than the UK sample. CONCLUSIONS: The NZ population had higher depression and anxiety compared with population norms. Younger people and those most at risk of COVID-19 reported poorer mental health. Interventions should promote frequent exercise, and reduce loneliness and unhealthy behaviours. BMJ Publishing Group 2021-05-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8098295/ /pubmed/33941630 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045325 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Mental Health Gasteiger, Norina Vedhara, Kavita Massey, Adam Jia, Ru Ayling, Kieran Chalder, Trudie Coupland, Carol Broadbent, Elizabeth Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title | Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title_full | Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title_fullStr | Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title_full_unstemmed | Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title_short | Depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a New Zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
title_sort | depression, anxiety and stress during the covid-19 pandemic: results from a new zealand cohort study on mental well-being |
topic | Mental Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8098295/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33941630 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045325 |
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