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Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic

PURPOSE: The COVID‐19 pandemic has illuminated various heterogeneities between urban and rural environments in public health. The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus initially spread into the United States from international ports of entry and into urban population centers, like New York City. Over the course of the p...

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Autores principales: Souch, Jacob M., Cossman, Jeralynn S., Hayward, Mark D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101290/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720459
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12558
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author Souch, Jacob M.
Cossman, Jeralynn S.
Hayward, Mark D.
author_facet Souch, Jacob M.
Cossman, Jeralynn S.
Hayward, Mark D.
author_sort Souch, Jacob M.
collection PubMed
description PURPOSE: The COVID‐19 pandemic has illuminated various heterogeneities between urban and rural environments in public health. The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus initially spread into the United States from international ports of entry and into urban population centers, like New York City. Over the course of the pandemic, cases emerged in more rural areas, implicating issues of transportation and mobility. Additionally, many rural areas developed into national hotspots of prevalence and transmission. Our aim was to investigate the preliminary impacts of road travel on the spread of COVID‐19. This investigation has implications for future public health mitigation efforts and travel restrictions in the United States. METHODS: County‐level COVID‐19 data were analyzed for spatiotemporal patterns in time‐to‐event distributions using animated choropleth maps. Data were obtained from The New York Times and the Bureau of the Census. The arrival event was estimated by examining the number of days between the first reported national case (January 21, 2020) and the date that each county attained a given prevalence rate. Of the 3108 coterminous US counties, 2887 were included in the analyses. Data reflect cases accumulated between January 21, 2020, and May 17, 2020. FINDINGS: Animations revealed that COVID‐19 was transmitted along the path of interstates. Quantitative results indicated rural–urban differences in the estimated arrival time of COVID‐19. Counties that are intersected by interstates had an earlier arrival than non‐intersected counties. The arrival time difference was the greatest in the most rural counties and implicates road travel as a factor of transmission into rural communities. CONCLUSION: Human mobility via road travel introduced COVID‐19 into more rural communities. Interstate travel restrictions and road travel restrictions would have supported stronger mitigation efforts during the earlier stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic and reduced transmission via network contact.
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spelling pubmed-81012902021-05-06 Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic Souch, Jacob M. Cossman, Jeralynn S. Hayward, Mark D. J Rural Health Brief Reports PURPOSE: The COVID‐19 pandemic has illuminated various heterogeneities between urban and rural environments in public health. The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus initially spread into the United States from international ports of entry and into urban population centers, like New York City. Over the course of the pandemic, cases emerged in more rural areas, implicating issues of transportation and mobility. Additionally, many rural areas developed into national hotspots of prevalence and transmission. Our aim was to investigate the preliminary impacts of road travel on the spread of COVID‐19. This investigation has implications for future public health mitigation efforts and travel restrictions in the United States. METHODS: County‐level COVID‐19 data were analyzed for spatiotemporal patterns in time‐to‐event distributions using animated choropleth maps. Data were obtained from The New York Times and the Bureau of the Census. The arrival event was estimated by examining the number of days between the first reported national case (January 21, 2020) and the date that each county attained a given prevalence rate. Of the 3108 coterminous US counties, 2887 were included in the analyses. Data reflect cases accumulated between January 21, 2020, and May 17, 2020. FINDINGS: Animations revealed that COVID‐19 was transmitted along the path of interstates. Quantitative results indicated rural–urban differences in the estimated arrival time of COVID‐19. Counties that are intersected by interstates had an earlier arrival than non‐intersected counties. The arrival time difference was the greatest in the most rural counties and implicates road travel as a factor of transmission into rural communities. CONCLUSION: Human mobility via road travel introduced COVID‐19 into more rural communities. Interstate travel restrictions and road travel restrictions would have supported stronger mitigation efforts during the earlier stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic and reduced transmission via network contact. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021-03-15 2021 /pmc/articles/PMC8101290/ /pubmed/33720459 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12558 Text en © 2021 National Rural Health Association This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
spellingShingle Brief Reports
Souch, Jacob M.
Cossman, Jeralynn S.
Hayward, Mark D.
Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title_full Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title_fullStr Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title_short Interstates of Infection: Preliminary Investigations of Human Mobility Patterns in the COVID‐19 Pandemic
title_sort interstates of infection: preliminary investigations of human mobility patterns in the covid‐19 pandemic
topic Brief Reports
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101290/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720459
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12558
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