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Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term (psychosomatic) health consequences of man-made earthquakes compared with a non-exposure control group. Exposure was hypothesised to have an increasingly negative impact on health outcomes over time. SETTING: Large-scale gas extraction in the Netherlands causing...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8103378/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33952531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040710 |
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author | Stroebe, Katherine Kanis, Babet Richardson, Justin Oldersma, Frans Broer, Jan Greven, Frans Postmes, Tom |
author_facet | Stroebe, Katherine Kanis, Babet Richardson, Justin Oldersma, Frans Broer, Jan Greven, Frans Postmes, Tom |
author_sort | Stroebe, Katherine |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term (psychosomatic) health consequences of man-made earthquakes compared with a non-exposure control group. Exposure was hypothesised to have an increasingly negative impact on health outcomes over time. SETTING: Large-scale gas extraction in the Netherlands causing earthquakes and considerable damage. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of inhabitants randomly selected from municipal population records; contacted 5 times during 21 months (T1: N=3934; T5: N=2150; mean age: 56.54; 50% men; at T5, N=846 (39.3%) had no, 459 (21.3%) once and 736 (34.2%) repeated damages). MAIN MEASURES: (Psychosomatic) health outcomes: self-rated health and Mental Health Inventory (both: validated; Short Form Health Survey); stress related health symptoms (shortened version of previously validated symptoms list). Independent variable: exposure to the consequences of earthquakes assessed via physical (peak ground acceleration) and personal exposure (damage to housing: none, once, repeated). RESULTS: Exposure to induced earthquakes has negative health consequences especially for those whose homes were damaged repeatedly. Compared with a no-damage control group, repeated damage was associated with lower self-rated health (OR:1.64), mental health (OR:1.83) and more stress-related health symptoms (OR:2.52). Effects increased over time: in terms of relative risk, by T5, those whose homes had repeated damage were respectively 1.60 and 2.11 times more likely to report poor health and negative mental health and 2.84 times more at risk of elevated stress related health symptoms. Results for physical exposure were comparable. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to provide evidence that induced earthquakes can have negative health consequences for inhabitants over time. It identifies the subpopulation particularly at risk: people with repeated damages who have experienced many earthquakes. Findings can have important implications for the prevention of negative health consequences of induced earthquakes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8103378 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81033782021-05-24 Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes Stroebe, Katherine Kanis, Babet Richardson, Justin Oldersma, Frans Broer, Jan Greven, Frans Postmes, Tom BMJ Open Public Health OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term (psychosomatic) health consequences of man-made earthquakes compared with a non-exposure control group. Exposure was hypothesised to have an increasingly negative impact on health outcomes over time. SETTING: Large-scale gas extraction in the Netherlands causing earthquakes and considerable damage. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of inhabitants randomly selected from municipal population records; contacted 5 times during 21 months (T1: N=3934; T5: N=2150; mean age: 56.54; 50% men; at T5, N=846 (39.3%) had no, 459 (21.3%) once and 736 (34.2%) repeated damages). MAIN MEASURES: (Psychosomatic) health outcomes: self-rated health and Mental Health Inventory (both: validated; Short Form Health Survey); stress related health symptoms (shortened version of previously validated symptoms list). Independent variable: exposure to the consequences of earthquakes assessed via physical (peak ground acceleration) and personal exposure (damage to housing: none, once, repeated). RESULTS: Exposure to induced earthquakes has negative health consequences especially for those whose homes were damaged repeatedly. Compared with a no-damage control group, repeated damage was associated with lower self-rated health (OR:1.64), mental health (OR:1.83) and more stress-related health symptoms (OR:2.52). Effects increased over time: in terms of relative risk, by T5, those whose homes had repeated damage were respectively 1.60 and 2.11 times more likely to report poor health and negative mental health and 2.84 times more at risk of elevated stress related health symptoms. Results for physical exposure were comparable. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to provide evidence that induced earthquakes can have negative health consequences for inhabitants over time. It identifies the subpopulation particularly at risk: people with repeated damages who have experienced many earthquakes. Findings can have important implications for the prevention of negative health consequences of induced earthquakes. BMJ Publishing Group 2021-05-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8103378/ /pubmed/33952531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040710 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Stroebe, Katherine Kanis, Babet Richardson, Justin Oldersma, Frans Broer, Jan Greven, Frans Postmes, Tom Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title | Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title_full | Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title_fullStr | Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title_full_unstemmed | Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title_short | Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
title_sort | chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8103378/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33952531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040710 |
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