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Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system
Natural zeolite clinoptilolite was used as the primary ammonium removal method from the permeate of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating high-strength blackwater generated from a community toilet facility. This zeolite-based nutrient capture system (NCS) was a sub-component of a non-sew...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8111385/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33652315 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145938 |
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author | Castro, C.J. Shyu, H.Y. Xaba, L. Bair, R. Yeh, D.H. |
author_facet | Castro, C.J. Shyu, H.Y. Xaba, L. Bair, R. Yeh, D.H. |
author_sort | Castro, C.J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Natural zeolite clinoptilolite was used as the primary ammonium removal method from the permeate of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating high-strength blackwater generated from a community toilet facility. This zeolite-based nutrient capture system (NCS) was a sub-component of a non-sewered sanitation system (NSSS) called the NEWgenerator and was field tested for 1.5 years at an informal settlement in South Africa. The NCS was operated for three consecutive loading cycles, each lasting 291, 110, and 52 days, respectively. Both blackwater (from toilets) and blackwater with yellow water (from toilets and urinals) were treated during the field trial. Over the three cycles, the NCS was able to remove 80 ± 28%, 64 ± 23%, and 94 ± 11%, respectively, of the influent ammonium. The addition of yellow water caused the rapid exhaustion of zeolite and the observed decrease of ammonium removal during Cycle 2. After Cycles 1 and 2, onsite regeneration was performed to recover the sorption capacity of the spent zeolite. The regenerant was comprised of NaCl under alkaline conditions and was operated as a recycle-batch to reduce the generation of regenerant waste. Modifications to the second regeneration process, including an increase in regenerant contact time from 15 to 30 h, improved the zeolite regeneration efficiency from 76 ± 0.7% to 96 ± 1.0%. The mass of recoverable ammonium in the regenerant was 2.63 kg NH(4)-N and 3.15 kg NH(4)-N after Regeneration 1 and 2, respectively. However, the mass of ammonium in the regenerant accounted for only 52.8% and 54.4% of the estimated NH(4)-N originally sorbed onto the zeolite beds after Cycles 1 and 2, respectively. The use of zeolite clinoptilolite is a feasible method for ammonium removal by NSSS that observe variable nitrogen loading rates, but further research is still needed to recover the nitrogen from the regenerant waste. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8111385 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81113852021-07-01 Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system Castro, C.J. Shyu, H.Y. Xaba, L. Bair, R. Yeh, D.H. Sci Total Environ Article Natural zeolite clinoptilolite was used as the primary ammonium removal method from the permeate of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating high-strength blackwater generated from a community toilet facility. This zeolite-based nutrient capture system (NCS) was a sub-component of a non-sewered sanitation system (NSSS) called the NEWgenerator and was field tested for 1.5 years at an informal settlement in South Africa. The NCS was operated for three consecutive loading cycles, each lasting 291, 110, and 52 days, respectively. Both blackwater (from toilets) and blackwater with yellow water (from toilets and urinals) were treated during the field trial. Over the three cycles, the NCS was able to remove 80 ± 28%, 64 ± 23%, and 94 ± 11%, respectively, of the influent ammonium. The addition of yellow water caused the rapid exhaustion of zeolite and the observed decrease of ammonium removal during Cycle 2. After Cycles 1 and 2, onsite regeneration was performed to recover the sorption capacity of the spent zeolite. The regenerant was comprised of NaCl under alkaline conditions and was operated as a recycle-batch to reduce the generation of regenerant waste. Modifications to the second regeneration process, including an increase in regenerant contact time from 15 to 30 h, improved the zeolite regeneration efficiency from 76 ± 0.7% to 96 ± 1.0%. The mass of recoverable ammonium in the regenerant was 2.63 kg NH(4)-N and 3.15 kg NH(4)-N after Regeneration 1 and 2, respectively. However, the mass of ammonium in the regenerant accounted for only 52.8% and 54.4% of the estimated NH(4)-N originally sorbed onto the zeolite beds after Cycles 1 and 2, respectively. The use of zeolite clinoptilolite is a feasible method for ammonium removal by NSSS that observe variable nitrogen loading rates, but further research is still needed to recover the nitrogen from the regenerant waste. Elsevier 2021-07-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8111385/ /pubmed/33652315 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145938 Text en © 2021 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Castro, C.J. Shyu, H.Y. Xaba, L. Bair, R. Yeh, D.H. Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title | Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title_full | Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title_fullStr | Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title_full_unstemmed | Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title_short | Performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
title_sort | performance and onsite regeneration of natural zeolite for ammonium removal in a field-scale non-sewered sanitation system |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8111385/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33652315 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145938 |
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