The role of mediating factors involved in angiogenesis during implantation

Angiogenesis is a critical component of normal implantation and placentation and underlines the importance of vascularization in early pregnancy. Differentiated expression of angiogenesis factors in different decision tissues during different stages of implantation, indicates their involvement in the regulation of vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Disorders in vascular development may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent abortions. The success of implantation, placentation and subsequent pregnancy evolution requires coordination of vascular development and adaptations at both sides of the maternal–fetal interface. The human implantation process is a continuous process, which begins with the apposition and attachment of the blastocyst to the apical surface of the luminal endometrial epithelium and continues throughout the first trimester of pregnancy until the extravillous trophoblast invades and remodels maternal vascularization. Numerous regulatory molecules play functional roles in many processes, including preparation of the endometrial stroma (decidualization), epithelium for implantation, control of trophoblastic adhesion and invasion. These regulatory molecules include cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, many of which are expressed by different cell types, having slightly different functions as the implant progresses