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The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life
With birth, the newborn is transferred from a quasi-sterile environment to the outside world. At this time, the neonatal immune system is inexperienced and continuously subject to a process of development as it encounters different antigenic stimuli after birth. It is initially characterized by a bi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8113393/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33996688 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.638871 |
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author | Cinicola, Bianca Conti, Maria Giulia Terrin, Gianluca Sgrulletti, Mayla Elfeky, Reem Carsetti, Rita Fernandez Salinas, Ane Piano Mortari, Eva Brindisi, Giulia De Curtis, Mario Zicari, Anna Maria Moschese, Viviana Duse, Marzia |
author_facet | Cinicola, Bianca Conti, Maria Giulia Terrin, Gianluca Sgrulletti, Mayla Elfeky, Reem Carsetti, Rita Fernandez Salinas, Ane Piano Mortari, Eva Brindisi, Giulia De Curtis, Mario Zicari, Anna Maria Moschese, Viviana Duse, Marzia |
author_sort | Cinicola, Bianca |
collection | PubMed |
description | With birth, the newborn is transferred from a quasi-sterile environment to the outside world. At this time, the neonatal immune system is inexperienced and continuously subject to a process of development as it encounters different antigenic stimuli after birth. It is initially characterized by a bias toward T helper 2 phenotype, reduced T helper 1, and cytotoxic responses to microbial stimuli, low levels of memory, and effector T and B cells and a high production of suppressive T regulatory cells. The aim of this setting, during fetal life, is to maintain an anti-inflammatory state and immune-tolerance. Maternal antibodies are transferred during pregnancy through the placenta and, in the first weeks of life of the newborn, they represent a powerful tool for protection. Thus, optimization of vaccination in pregnancy represents an important strategy to reduce the burden of neonatal infections and sepsis. Beneficial effects of maternal immunization are universally recognized, although the optimal timing of vaccination in pregnancy remains to be defined. Interestingly, the dynamic exchange that takes place at the fetal-maternal interface allows the transfer not only of antibodies, but also of maternal antigen presenting cells, probably in order to stimulate the developing fetal immune system in a harmless way. There are still controversial effects related to maternal immunization including the so called “immunology blunting,” i.e., a dampened antibody production following infant's vaccination in those infants who received placentally transferred maternal immunity. However, clinical relevance of this phenomenon is still not clear. This review will provide an overview of the evolution of the immune system in early life and discuss the benefits of maternal vaccination. Current maternal vaccination policies and their rationale will be summarized on the road to promising approaches to enhance immunity in the neonate. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8113393 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81133932021-05-13 The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life Cinicola, Bianca Conti, Maria Giulia Terrin, Gianluca Sgrulletti, Mayla Elfeky, Reem Carsetti, Rita Fernandez Salinas, Ane Piano Mortari, Eva Brindisi, Giulia De Curtis, Mario Zicari, Anna Maria Moschese, Viviana Duse, Marzia Front Pediatr Pediatrics With birth, the newborn is transferred from a quasi-sterile environment to the outside world. At this time, the neonatal immune system is inexperienced and continuously subject to a process of development as it encounters different antigenic stimuli after birth. It is initially characterized by a bias toward T helper 2 phenotype, reduced T helper 1, and cytotoxic responses to microbial stimuli, low levels of memory, and effector T and B cells and a high production of suppressive T regulatory cells. The aim of this setting, during fetal life, is to maintain an anti-inflammatory state and immune-tolerance. Maternal antibodies are transferred during pregnancy through the placenta and, in the first weeks of life of the newborn, they represent a powerful tool for protection. Thus, optimization of vaccination in pregnancy represents an important strategy to reduce the burden of neonatal infections and sepsis. Beneficial effects of maternal immunization are universally recognized, although the optimal timing of vaccination in pregnancy remains to be defined. Interestingly, the dynamic exchange that takes place at the fetal-maternal interface allows the transfer not only of antibodies, but also of maternal antigen presenting cells, probably in order to stimulate the developing fetal immune system in a harmless way. There are still controversial effects related to maternal immunization including the so called “immunology blunting,” i.e., a dampened antibody production following infant's vaccination in those infants who received placentally transferred maternal immunity. However, clinical relevance of this phenomenon is still not clear. This review will provide an overview of the evolution of the immune system in early life and discuss the benefits of maternal vaccination. Current maternal vaccination policies and their rationale will be summarized on the road to promising approaches to enhance immunity in the neonate. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-04-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8113393/ /pubmed/33996688 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.638871 Text en Copyright © 2021 Cinicola, Conti, Terrin, Sgrulletti, Elfeky, Carsetti, Fernandez Salinas, Piano Mortari, Brindisi, De Curtis, Zicari, Moschese and Duse. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Pediatrics Cinicola, Bianca Conti, Maria Giulia Terrin, Gianluca Sgrulletti, Mayla Elfeky, Reem Carsetti, Rita Fernandez Salinas, Ane Piano Mortari, Eva Brindisi, Giulia De Curtis, Mario Zicari, Anna Maria Moschese, Viviana Duse, Marzia The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title | The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title_full | The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title_fullStr | The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title_full_unstemmed | The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title_short | The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life |
title_sort | protective role of maternal immunization in early life |
topic | Pediatrics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8113393/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33996688 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.638871 |
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