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Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology
Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8118752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33972464 http://dx.doi.org/10.5607/en20033 |
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author | Jiang, Qian Stone, Christopher R. Elkin, Kenneth Geng, Xiaokun Ding, Yuchuan |
author_facet | Jiang, Qian Stone, Christopher R. Elkin, Kenneth Geng, Xiaokun Ding, Yuchuan |
author_sort | Jiang, Qian |
collection | PubMed |
description | Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8118752 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81187522021-05-24 Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology Jiang, Qian Stone, Christopher R. Elkin, Kenneth Geng, Xiaokun Ding, Yuchuan Exp Neurobiol Review Article Over the preceding decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of the pathophysiology of stroke. One such advance has been an increased understanding of the multifarious crosstalk in which the nervous and immune systems engage in order to maintain homeostasis. By interrupting the immune-nervous nexus, it is thought that stroke induces change in both systems. Additionally, it has been found that both innate and adaptive immunosuppression play protective roles against the effects of stroke. The release of danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), contributing to the harmful inflammatory effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury after stroke; the Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK (TAM)/Gas6 system, however, has been shown to suppress inflammation via downstream signaling molecules that inhibit TLR signaling. Anti-inflammatory cytokines have also been found to promote neuroprotection following stroke. Additionally, adaptive immunosuppression merits further consideration as a potential endogenous protective mechanism. In this review, we highlight recent studies regarding the effects and mechanism of immunosuppression on the pathophysiology of stroke, with the hope that a better understanding of the function of both of innate and adaptive immunity in this setting will facilitate the development of effective therapies for post-stroke inflammation. The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences 2021-04-30 2021-04-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8118752/ /pubmed/33972464 http://dx.doi.org/10.5607/en20033 Text en Copyright © Experimental Neurobiology 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Jiang, Qian Stone, Christopher R. Elkin, Kenneth Geng, Xiaokun Ding, Yuchuan Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title | Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title_full | Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title_fullStr | Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title_short | Immunosuppression and Neuroinflammation in Stroke Pathobiology |
title_sort | immunosuppression and neuroinflammation in stroke pathobiology |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8118752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33972464 http://dx.doi.org/10.5607/en20033 |
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