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The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study
The development of a healthy intestinal immune system requires early microbial exposure. However, it remains unclear whether microbial exposure already begins at the prenatal stage. Analysis of such low microbial biomass environments are challenging due to contamination issues. The aims of the curre...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8119756/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33995290 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.626421 |
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author | Husso, Aleksi Lietaer, Leen Pessa-Morikawa, Tiina Grönthal, Thomas Govaere, Jan Van Soom, Ann Iivanainen, Antti Opsomer, Geert Niku, Mikael |
author_facet | Husso, Aleksi Lietaer, Leen Pessa-Morikawa, Tiina Grönthal, Thomas Govaere, Jan Van Soom, Ann Iivanainen, Antti Opsomer, Geert Niku, Mikael |
author_sort | Husso, Aleksi |
collection | PubMed |
description | The development of a healthy intestinal immune system requires early microbial exposure. However, it remains unclear whether microbial exposure already begins at the prenatal stage. Analysis of such low microbial biomass environments are challenging due to contamination issues. The aims of the current study were to assess the bacterial load and characterize the bacterial composition of the amniotic fluid and meconium of full-term calves, leading to a better knowledge of prenatal bacterial seeding of the fetal intestine. Amniotic fluid and rectal meconium samples were collected during and immediately after elective cesarean section, performed in 25 Belgian Blue cow-calf couples. The samples were analyzed by qPCR, bacterial culture using GAM agar and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To minimize the effects of contaminants, we included multiple technical controls and stringently filtered the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to exclude putative contaminant sequences. The meconium samples contained a significantly higher amount of bacterial DNA than the negative controls and 5 of 24 samples contained culturable bacteria. In the amniotic fluid, the amount of bacterial DNA was not significantly different from the negative controls and all samples were culture negative. Bacterial sequences were identified in both sample types and were primarily of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, with some individual variation. We conclude that most calves encounter in utero maternal-fetal transmission of bacterial DNA, but the amount of bacterial DNA is low and viable bacteria are rare. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8119756 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81197562021-05-15 The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study Husso, Aleksi Lietaer, Leen Pessa-Morikawa, Tiina Grönthal, Thomas Govaere, Jan Van Soom, Ann Iivanainen, Antti Opsomer, Geert Niku, Mikael Front Microbiol Microbiology The development of a healthy intestinal immune system requires early microbial exposure. However, it remains unclear whether microbial exposure already begins at the prenatal stage. Analysis of such low microbial biomass environments are challenging due to contamination issues. The aims of the current study were to assess the bacterial load and characterize the bacterial composition of the amniotic fluid and meconium of full-term calves, leading to a better knowledge of prenatal bacterial seeding of the fetal intestine. Amniotic fluid and rectal meconium samples were collected during and immediately after elective cesarean section, performed in 25 Belgian Blue cow-calf couples. The samples were analyzed by qPCR, bacterial culture using GAM agar and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To minimize the effects of contaminants, we included multiple technical controls and stringently filtered the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to exclude putative contaminant sequences. The meconium samples contained a significantly higher amount of bacterial DNA than the negative controls and 5 of 24 samples contained culturable bacteria. In the amniotic fluid, the amount of bacterial DNA was not significantly different from the negative controls and all samples were culture negative. Bacterial sequences were identified in both sample types and were primarily of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, with some individual variation. We conclude that most calves encounter in utero maternal-fetal transmission of bacterial DNA, but the amount of bacterial DNA is low and viable bacteria are rare. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-04-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8119756/ /pubmed/33995290 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.626421 Text en Copyright © 2021 Husso, Lietaer, Pessa-Morikawa, Grönthal, Govaere, Van Soom, Iivanainen, Opsomer and Niku. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Husso, Aleksi Lietaer, Leen Pessa-Morikawa, Tiina Grönthal, Thomas Govaere, Jan Van Soom, Ann Iivanainen, Antti Opsomer, Geert Niku, Mikael The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title | The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title_full | The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title_fullStr | The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title_full_unstemmed | The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title_short | The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study |
title_sort | composition of the microbiota in the full-term fetal gut and amniotic fluid: a bovine cesarean section study |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8119756/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33995290 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.626421 |
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