Responses of hydroponically grown maize to various urea to ammonium ratios: physiological and molecular data

To date urea and ammonium are two nitrogen (N) forms widely used in agriculture. Due to a low production cost, urea is the N form most applied in agriculture. However, its stability in the soil depends on the activity of microbial ureases, that operate the hydrolysis of urea into ammonium. In the soil ammonium is subjected to fast volatilization in form of ammonia, an environmental N loss that contributes to the atmospheric pollution and impacts on farm economies. Based on these considerations, the optimization of N fertilization is useful in order to maximize N acquired by crops and at the same time limit N losses in the environment. The use of mixed nitrogen forms in cultivated soils allows to have urea and ammonium simultaneously available for the root acquisition after a fertilization event. A combination of different N-sources is known to lead to positive effects on the nutritional status of crops. It is plausible suppose that N acquisition mechanisms in plants might be responsive to N forms available in the root external solution, and therefore indicate a cross connection among different N forms, such as urea and ammonium. This DIB article provides details about the elemental composition and transcriptional changes occurring in maize seedlings when ammonium and urea mixture is applied to nutrient solution. An extensive and complete characterization of seedling response to urea and ammonium treatments is shown in the research article “Characterization of physiological and molecular responses of Zea mays seedlings to different urea-ammonium ratios” Buoso et al. [1]. Maize seedlings were grown under hydroponic system with N applied to nutrient solution in form of urea and or ammonium, hence five different urea (U) to ammonium (A) ratios were tested (100U, 75U:25A, 50U:50A, 25U:75A, 100A). As control maize were fed with nitrate as sole N source, or were maintained in N deficiency (-N). After 1 or 7 days of N-treatment, maize seedlings were collected, and physiological and transcriptional analyses were performed on maize roots. Depending on nutritional treatment, no significant changes in seedling biomass were observed comparing N treatments. At both sampling times, an overall higher N accumulation in shoots and roots were detected when the inorganic N sources were applied to nutrient solutions (as ammonium or nitrate). (15)N experiments indicated that in comparison to -N seedlings, urea fed seedlings showed an increase of N accumulation and data showed that ureic-N was taken up by seedlings in lower amounts than inorganic N-forms. Through EA-IRMS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS a multielemental composition of maize tissues was performed as well as gene expression analyses by Real-time RT-PCR that allowed to monitor the expression profile of genes most involved in urea and ammonium nutritional pathways.